The Harms of Unnecessary CT Pulmonary Angiography: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) poses a significant health risk in the United States, with high mortality rates. Clinicians maintain a low threshold for suspecting PE, potentially leading to deviation from guideline-recommended algorithms and unnecessary computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). This case discusses a 46-year-old woman who presented with symptoms suggestive of PE following a prolonged road trip. Despite a low Wells score and negative D-dimer results, she underwent CTPA, resulting in an unnecessary and harmful interventional radiology-guided thrombectomy. This highlights the importance of adhering to guidelines in PE diagnosis to mitigate potential harms associated with the overuse of available medical tools.

A Novel Machine Learning-Based ANFIS Calibrated RISS/GNSS Integration for Improved Navigation in Urban Environments.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) require accurate navigation, but the reliability of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) can be degraded by signal blockage and multipath interference in urban areas. Therefore, a navigation system that integrates a calibrated Reduced Inertial Sensors System (RISS) with GNSS is proposed. The system employs a machine-learning-based Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) as a novel calibration technique to improve the accuracy and reliability of the RISS. The ANFIS-based RISS/GNSS integration provides a more precise navigation solution in such environments. The effectiveness of the proposed integration scheme was validated by conducting tests using real road trajectory and simulated GNSS outages ranging from 50 to 150 s. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in 2D position Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 43.8% and 28% compared to the traditional RISS/GNSS and the frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) Radar (Rad)/RISS/GNSS integrated navigation systems, respectively. Moreover, an improvement of 47.5% and 23.4% in 2D position maximum errors is achieved compared to the RISS/GNSS and the Rad/RISS/GNSS integrated navigation systems, respectively. These results reveal significant improvements in positioning accuracy, which is essential for safe and efficient navigation. The long-term stability of the proposed system makes it suitable for various navigation applications, particularly those requiring continuous and precise positioning information. The ANFIS-based approach used in the proposed system is extendable to other low-end IMUs, making it an attractive option for a wide range of applications.

Recent update on the protective potentials of resveratrol against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Although cancer treatment with cisplatin is effective, dose-dependent adverse effects such as ototoxicity occurs often, which limits its clinical use. The use of resveratrol may alleviate the cisplatin-induced ototoxic effects. This study is aimed to review the potential otoprotective effects of resveratrol against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. METHOD: According to the PRISMA guideline, a systematic search was accomplished to identify all relevant scientific papers on "the role of resveratrol against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity" in different electronic databases up to May 2021. Fifty-five articles were screened based on a pre-defined set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eight eligible studies were finally included in the current systematic review. The in-vitro findings revealed that cisplatin administration significantly decreased the HEI-OC1 cell viability compared to the untreated cells; however, resveratrol co-treatment (in a dose-dependent manner) could protect HEI-OC1 cells against cisplatin-induced decrease in cell viability. RESULTS: Furthermore, the in-vivo finding showed a decreased value of DPOAE, and increased values of ABR threshold, ABR-I, ABR-IV, and ABR I-IV interval in cisplatin-treated animals; in contrast, resveratrol co-administration demonstrated an opposite pattern on these parameters. CONCLUSION: Thus, it can be mentioned that resveratrol co-treatment alleviates cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Mechanically, resveratrol exerts its otoprotective effects through various mechanisms such as anti-oxidant, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory.

A study of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity in Duhok City, Iraq.

INTRODUCTION: The study aimed to investigate the positivity rate of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors. METHODOLOGY: Data and blood samples were collected between January 10th and December 30th, 2021 based on COVID-19 infection by using a designated questionnaire. The blood samples were used for the detection of total SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. RESULTS: 743 participants were recruited and 62.58% of them were positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Among these, 56.34% denied any symptoms of COVID-19. A higher positivity rate was found among females than men (OR = 1.5, CI = 1.1-2.0, p = 0.0073). Participants that had been diagnosed with COVID-19 in the past had a significantly higher prevalence of antibodies, and were nearly four times more likely to develop antibodies (OR = 4.0, CI = 2.4-6.8, p < 0.0001). Interestingly, only 3% of the participants with previous COVID-19 were seronegative while 46.54% were positive for antibodies without having a history of COVID-19 infection. Participants that reported symptoms were 2.6 times more likely to develop antibodies (OR = 2.6, CI = 1.9-3.6, p < 0.0001). Lastly, we found age to be significantly associated with the production of antibodies (CI = 13.3-14.7, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The information from this study can be used to mitigate and develop tailored vaccination efforts and plan evidence-based strategies to better mitigate the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Kurdistan-Iraq.

Assessing the effectiveness of a cadaveric workshop in improving resident physicians' confidence in performing ultrasound-guided joint injections.

Our study showed that an educational workshop using a cadaveric specimen is effective in improving resident physicians' confidence in performing ultrasound-guided, as well as landmark-based, joint injections. Participants also reported a strong interest in future cadaveric workshops on ultrasound-guided joint injections and believe such workshops would be a valuable educational resource for other physicians. Implementing cadaver-based ultrasound-guided joint injection workshops similar to the one discussed in this manuscript could be used to supplement training for these procedures in medical education and provide residents with the early experience they need to be able to perform these injections independently in clinic settings.

Notre étude montre que les ateliers de simulation sur cadavre aident les médecins résidents à acquérir de l'assurance pour pratiquer des injections articulaires guidées par échographie et repères anatomiques. Les participants ont également fait part de leur vif intérêt pour refaire des ateliers de simulation sur cadavre portant sur les injections articulaires échoguidées et estiment que de tels ateliers constitueraient une ressource éducative précieuse pour d'autres médecins. De tels ateliers sur les injections articulaires échoguidées sur cadavres peuvent être organisés en complément à la formation sur ces interventions et permettre aux résidents d'acquérir de l'expérience pratique tôt dans leur formation pour être en mesure de réaliser ces injections de manière indépendante en contexte clinique.

Advances in Biosensing of Chemical Food Contaminants Based on the MOFs-Graphene Nanohybrids.

Food safety issue is becoming an international challenge for human health owing to the presence of contaminants. In this context, reliable, rapid, and sensitive detecting technology is extremely demanded to establish food safety assurance systems. MOFs (Metal-organic frameworks) are a new type of porous crystalline material with particular physical and chemical characteristics presented in food safety requirements. (Bio)sensors driven MOF materials have emerged as a promising alternative and complementary analytical techniques, owing to their great specific area, high porosity, and uniform and fine-tunable pore buildings. Nevertheless, the insufficient stability and electrical conductivity of classical MOFs limit their utilization. Employing graphene-derived nanomaterials with high functional elements as patterns for the MOF materials not only improves the structural instability and poor conductivity but also impedes the restacking and aggregation between graphene layers, thus significantly extending the MOFs application. A review of MOFs-graphene-based material used in food contamination detection is urgently needed for encouraging the advance of this field. Herein, this paper systematically outlines current breakthroughs in MOF-graphene-based nanoprobes, outlines their principles, and illustrates their employments in identifying mycotoxins, heavy metal ions, pathogens, antibiotics, and pesticides, referring to their multiplexing and sensitivity ability. The challenges and limitations of applying MOF-graphene composite for precise and efficient assessment of food were also debated. This paper would maybe offer some inspired concepts for an upcoming study on MOF-based composites in the food security context.

The impact of aerosol box on tracheal intubation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to summarize the effect of the aerosol box on tracheal intubation in patients with COVID-19. AREAS COVERED: According to the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was performed to identify relevant literature on the 'impact of the aerosol box on tracheal intubation during the COVID-19 pandemic' in different electronic databases up to March 2021. Based on a set of predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 447 articles were screened. Finally, 20 articles were included in the current systematic review. The findings showed that the use of aerosol box during intubation could reduce droplet contamination on the healthcare workers but not necessarily aerosols. An increase in the time of intubation with the aerosol box was also observed in 9 out of 12 studies (75%); however, three studies reported no significant difference in the time of intubation with and without the aerosol box. Most studies (8 out of 9, 89%) were also shown that intubation with the aerosol box may lead to more difficulty. EXPERT OPINION: The proceduralist and other healthcare workers involved in airway management of COVID-19 infected patients should decide whether to apply the aerosol box with caution, balancing between benefits and risks, especially in difficult airway circumstances.

Phosphate Ion Removal from Synthetic and Real Wastewater Using MnFe2O4 Nanoparticles: A Reusable Adsorbent.

The purpose of this study was to eliminate phosphate (P) from wastewater using MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. BET, TGA/DTG, FTIR, SEM, TEM, VSM, XRD and EDX/Map analyses were used to determine the MnFe2O4 surface properties. The specific surface area of the adsorbent was 196.56 m2/g and VSM analysis showed that the adsorbent has a ferromagnetic property. The maximum P sorption efficiency using MnFe2O4 (98.52%) was achieved at pH 6, temperature of 55 °C, P concentration of 10 mg/L, time of 60 min, and sorbent dosage of 2.5 g/L, which is a significant value. Also, the thermodynamic study indicated that the P sorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. Moreover, the utmost sorption capacity of P using MnFe2O4 was 39.48 mg/g. Besides, MnFe2O4 can be used for up to 6 reuse cycles with high sorption efficiency (>91%). Also, MnFe2O4 was able to remove phosphate, COD, and BOD5 from municipal wastewater with considerable removal efficiencies of 82.7%, 75.8%, and 77.3%, respectively.

Synthesis of efficient cobalt-metal organic framework as reusable nanocatalyst in the synthesis of new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives with antioxidant activity.

Efficient cobalt-metal organic framework (Co-MOF) was prepared via a controllable microwave-assisted reverse micelle synthesis route. The products were characterized by SEM image, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm, FTIR spectrum, and TG analysis. Results showed that the products have small particle size distribution, homogenous morphology, significant surface area, and high thermal stability. The physicochemical properties of the final products were remarkable compared with other MOF samples. The newly synthesized nanostructures were used as recyclable catalysts in the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives. After the confirmation of related structures, the antioxidant activity of derivatives based on the DPPH method was evaluated and the relationship between structures and antioxidant activity was observed. In addition to recyclability, the catalytic activity of Co-MOF studied in this research has remarkable effects on the synthesis of 1,4 dihydropyridine derivatives.

Single-Step Genome Editing of Small Ruminant Embryos by Electroporation.

We investigated the possibility of single-step genome editing in small ruminants by CRISPR-Cas9 zygote electroporation. We targeted SOCS2 and PDX1 in sheep embryos and OTX2 in goat embryos, utilizing a dual sgRNA approach. Gene editing efficiency was compared between microinjection and three different electroporation settings performed at four different times of embryo development. Electroporation of sheep zygotes 6 h after fertilization with settings that included short high-voltage (poring) and long low-voltage (transfer) pulses was efficient at producing SOCS2 knock-out blastocysts. The mutation rate after CRISPR/Cas9 electroporation was 95.6% ± 8%, including 95.4% ± 9% biallelic mutations; which compared favorably to 82.3% ± 8% and 25% ± 10%, respectively, when using microinjection. We also successfully disrupted the PDX1 gene in sheep and the OTX2 gene in goat embryos. The biallelic mutation rate was 81 ± 5% for PDX1 and 85% ± 6% for OTX2. In conclusion, using single-step CRISPR-Cas9 zygote electroporation, we successfully introduced biallelic deletions in the genome of small ruminant embryos.

Synthesis of Bioactive Yttrium-Metal-Organic Framework as Efficient Nanocatalyst in Synthesis of Novel Pyrazolopyranopyrimidine Derivatives and Evaluation of Anticancer Activity.

Novel Yttrium-metal-organic framework (Y-MOF) was synthesized under optimal conditions of microwave with a power of 20 W, the temperature of 30 degrees of centigrade, and time duration of 10 min. The products were characterized by SEM (morphology and size distribution), TGA (thermal stability), BET technique (surface area), and FTIR (characterization of the related group). The Yttrium-metal-organic framework (Y-MOF) synthesized in this study, after identifying and confirming the structure, was used as an efficient and recyclable catalyst in the synthesis of new pyrazolopyranopyrimidine derivatives. Following the study of the properties and applications of Y-MOF, its anticancer properties on breast cancer cells based on the MTT method were evaluated, and significant results were observed. In addition, the anticancer properties of the pyrazolopyranopyrimidine derivatives were investigated.

Optimization of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)based wind turbine to achieve maximum power generation with imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA).

Today, due to the end of fossil fuels and efforts to reduce the use of renewable resources, wind energy is a suitable option for the production of electrical energy due to its high-power generation. To increase the output efficiency of wind turbines, maximum power point tracking techniques are required for wind turbine energy conversion systems. In this research, the maximum power point (MPPT) method for two-way fed wind turbine systems (DFIG) is presented. The performance of the induction generator is presented on both sides of the power and the values of this generator such as speed, torque, voltage, current and maximum power at the time of wind speed changes. The presented work is presented in two scenarios and the model is performed without the algorithm then, a maximum power point tracking method based on the Colonial Competition Algorithm (ICA) has been applied to estimate the power of the two power induction generators. According to the results, it can be said that in the scenario with the algorithm of generating electric power by the turbine, several times in the production state is 9 MW, which is the rate of the turbine's nominal power, while in another scenario, the power generated by the turbine is 85% of the power in the state with the algorithm.

Theoretical evaluation of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers with different peripheral groups as a purinethol drug delivery system in aqueous medium.

In this work, density functional theory calculations were used to study the association of PUR with amine- and acetyl-terminated PAMAM dendrimers considering implicit solvent effect at neutral and low pH conditions. Frontier molecular orbitals' analysis indicates that the electronic properties of dendrimers are extremely sensitive to the presence of PUR molecule at both neutral and low pH conditions. Encapsulation of PUR molecule into the both amine- and acetyl-terminated PAMAM dendrimers leads to a Gibbs free energy of (ΔG) - 20.25 kcal.mol-1 at physiological pH. The corresponding ΔG values reduce to the - 1.45 and - 0.91 kcal.mol-1 at low pH, indicating that the drug molecule is released easily at low pH. The calculated recovery times for amine- (3.87 ×102 and 3.87 ×102, at neutral and low pH, respectively) and acetyl-terminated (5.34 ×1010 and 1.81 ×10-1, at neutral and low pH, respectively) dendrimers suggest that acetylation can improve the release pattern of drug molecule.

Impostor Phenomenon and Its Relationship to Self-Esteem Among Students at an International Medical College in the Middle East: A Cross Sectional Study.

The atmosphere of constant scrutiny of academic ability that prevails in medical colleges may leave some students at risk of expressing feelings of intellectual fraudulence and phoniness. Impostor phenomenon (IP) traits have been associated with anxiety, depression, job dissatisfaction, and poor professional performance. Internationally trained junior doctors exhibit stronger IP feelings than colleagues trained within their own country of citizenship. These feelings may develop during student life. International universities are diverse and complex environments where students may be emersed in a cultural milieu alien to their societies of origin, leading to feelings of isolation. Individuals with IP traits often perceive themselves as the "only one" experiencing this phenomenon, resulting in further isolation and negative self-evaluation, especially among women and underrepresented minorities. IP has also been linked to low self-esteem among students. This study assessed the prevalence of IP and its relationship to self-esteem among students at a campus of a European medical college with a large international student body situated in the Middle East. The self-administered questionnaires: Clance's Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS) and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were completed by 290 medical students (58.3% females). Participants' median (range) age was 19 years (16-35). Students were of 28 different nationalities; the largest proportions were from Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) countries. The prevalence of low self-esteem was 18.6%, while 45.2% of the students demonstrated traits suggestive of IP. There was a strongly negative correlation between CIPS and RSES (r = -0.71). No significant gender differences were found in IP. Similarly, no differences in IP were found when comparing between age groups, previous experience in higher education or year of study. Multivariate analysis showed that students from GCC countries had higher levels of self-esteem relative to students from other regions. Low self-esteem was a strong predictor of IP. Country of origin may influence students' self-esteem studying in international university settings.

A Machine Learning Approach for an Improved Inertial Navigation System Solution.

The inertial navigation system (INS) is a basic component to obtain a continuous navigation solution in various applications. The INS suffers from a growing error over time. In particular, its navigation solution depends mainly on the quality and grade of the inertial measurement unit (IMU), which provides the INS with both accelerations and angular rates. However, low-cost small micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMSs) suffer from huge error sources such as bias, the scale factor, scale factor instability, and highly non-linear noise. Therefore, MEMS-IMU measurements lead to drifts in the solutions when used as a control input to the INS. Accordingly, several approaches have been introduced to model and mitigate the errors associated with the IMU. In this paper, a machine-learning-based adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ML-based-ANFIS) is proposed to leverage the performance of low-grade IMUs in two phases. The first phase was training 50% of the low-grade IMU measurements with a high-end IMU to generate a suitable error model. The second phase involved testing the developed model on the remaining low-grade IMU measurements. A real road trajectory was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The results showed the effectiveness of utilizing the proposed ML-ANFIS algorithm to remove the errors and improve the INS solution compared to the traditional one. An improvement of 70% in the 2D positioning and of 92% in the 2D velocity of the INS solution were attained when the proposed algorithm was applied compared to the traditional INS solution.

Key features of the environment promoting liver cancer in the absence of cirrhosis.

The prevalence of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rising, even in the absence of cirrhosis. We aimed to develop a murine model that would facilitate further understanding of NAFLD-HCC pathogenesis. A total of 144 C3H/He mice were fed either control or American lifestyle (ALIOS) diet, with or without interventions, for up to 48 weeks of age. Gross, liver histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RNA-sequencing data were interpreted alongside human datasets. The ALIOS diet promoted obesity, elevated liver weight, impaired glucose tolerance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and spontaneous HCC. Liver weight, fasting blood glucose, steatosis, lobular inflammation and lipogranulomas were associated with development of HCC, as were markers of hepatocyte proliferation and DNA damage. An antioxidant diminished cellular injury, fibrosis and DNA damage, but not lobular inflammation, lipogranulomas, proliferation and HCC development. An acquired CD44 phenotype in macrophages was associated with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD-HCC. In this diet induced NASH and HCC (DINAH) model, key features of obesity associated NAFLD-HCC have been reproduced, highlighting roles for hepatic steatosis and proliferation, with the acquisition of lobular inflammation and CD44 positive macrophages in the development of HCC-even in the absence of progressive injury and fibrosis.

Hg and 210Po in consumed fish of the Tadjoura Gulf (Djibouti): Levels and human health risk assessment.

Hg and 210Po were measured in the muscle tissue of commercially important fish species collected in the main coastal cities of the Djiboutian coast (Tadjoura Gulf) to evaluate the potential risk associated with their consumption. The levels of Hg among the different species ranged from 0.02 to 1.69 mg/kg w.w and exceeded tolerable limits as reported by the national regulation (2000-0727/PR/MAEM) and the Codex Alimentarius. The probabilistic distributions of health hazard were evaluated through Monte-Carlo simulation, which confirmed the carcinogenic risk from Hg. The levels of 210Po ranged from 4.1 to 134.5 Bq/kg w.w among muscle tissues of the eight commercially important species. The carcinogenic risk was in an unacceptable range and simulation revealed that children were the most vulnerable population. The results obtained confirms that the health impact is reduced when consuming two servings per week.

Exploratory investigation on the antibacterial effect of antimicrobial peptides of four mammalian plasmas.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are presently being revisited as promising potential antimicrobial combat agents. Acquisition of resistance to AMPs is very rare compared to conventional antibiotics as they kill microbes by direct disruption of cellular components including the microbial membrane and DNA. In this study four sources of mammalian plasma (human, bovine, caprine and ovine) were explored for presence and effectiveness of antimicrobial peptides by the spot-on-lawn method, followed by the agar well diffusion assay to confirm their antibacterial activity. This was followed by determination of their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) by the broth macrodilusion method. The MICs were compared to those produced by the antibiotics Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Doxycycline and Metronidazole. All four plasma types exhibited antibacterial activity in their native form (plasmaN) or in presence of added pepsin (plasmap). The highest antibacterial activity was shown by ovine plasmap against Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC at dilution of 1:128), while least activity (MIC at dilution of 1:2) was shown by bovine plasmap and ovine plasmaN against K. pneumoniae, ovine plasmaN against E. coli, and ovine plasmap against Staph. aureus. All plasma sources achieved bactericidal effect. Activity of ovine plasmaN against K. pneumoniae was higher than that due to Ampilcillin, Amoxicillin, Doxycycline or Metronidazole. The least antibacterial activity was achieved by Ampicillin against K. pneumoniae, E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. Metronidazole had no effect on any of the four bacteria tested. These results indicate that AMPs hold great promise as a valuable renewed tool in the control of pathogenic microbes.

Derivation of Intermediate Pluripotent Stem Cells Amenable to Primordial Germ Cell Specification.

Dynamic pluripotent stem cell (PSC) states are in vitro adaptations of pluripotency continuum in vivo. Previous studies have generated a number of PSCs with distinct properties. To date, however, no known PSCs have demonstrated dual competency for chimera formation and direct responsiveness to primordial germ cell (PGC) specification, a unique functional feature of formative pluripotency. Here, by modulating fibroblast growth factor (FGF), transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß), and WNT pathways, we derived PSCs from mice, horses, and humans (designated as XPSCs) that are permissive for direct PGC-like cell induction in vitro and are capable of contributing to intra- or inter-species chimeras in vivo. XPSCs represent a pluripotency state between naive and primed pluripotency and harbor molecular, cellular, and phenotypic features characteristic of formative pluripotency. XPSCs open new avenues for studying mammalian pluripotency and dissecting the molecular mechanisms governing PGC specification. Our method may be broadly applicable for the derivation of analogous stem cells from other mammalian species.

Spectrum and Prevalence of Thyroid Diseases at a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia: A Retrospective Study of 976 Cases.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid disorder is one of the most common noncommunicable diseases worldwide and neglected public health issues in Somalia. The aim of the study thus was to investigate the thyroid disorders in patients attending to the largest tertiary referral hospital in Somalia. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted on patients admitted to the internal department of Somalia Mogadishu-Turkey Education and Research Hospital, Somali, between January 2017 and December 2019. Patients who were tested for thyroid function tests and had complete data were included. Patients with incomplete data and currently treated for any thyroid disorder were excluded from the study. Abstracted data including patients' sociodemographic characteristics, thyroid function tests, and histopathological findings were retrieved from the hospital database system. RESULTS: A total of 976 patients with thyroid disorders were enrolled, of whom 66.6% (n = 650) were female and 33.4% (n = 326) were male. The mean age of the patients was 47 ± 18.5 years. The majority of the patients were reported in the 31-50 (35.9%) age range. The most reported thyroid function disorders were 58.8% euthyroid sick syndrome followed by 15.4% hypothyroidism, 12.5% subclinical hypothyroidism, 7.6% hyperthyroidism, and 5.7% subclinical hyperthyroidism. The distribution of comorbidity indicated that 13.4% had diabetes mellitus, 10.4% had HIV, 4.9% had malaria, and 4.5% had HIV and malaria coinfection. Thyroid malignancies were detached in 22 (2.2%) patients including eleven papillary thyroid cancer, nine patients had follicular thyroid cancer, and two patients had differentiated thyroid cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Euthyroid sick syndrome was the most common type of thyroid disease in our setup. Hypothyroidism is the second most common, followed by subclinical hypothyroidism. Papillary thyroid cancer was the predominant histology among thyroid malignancies, followed by follicular thyroid cancer. This study revealed that thyroid diseases emerge as an important endocrine disorder encountered in Somali, necessitating a major public health response.