Osseointegration Pharmacology: A Systematic Mapping Using Artificial Intelligence.

Clinical performance of osseointegrated implants could be compromised by the medications taken by patients. The effect of a specific medication on osseointegration can be easily investigated using traditional systematic reviews. However, assessment of all known medications requires the use of evidence mapping methods. These methods allow assessment of complex questions, but they are very resource intensive when done manually. The objective of this study was to develop a machine learning algorithm to automatically map the literature assessing the effect of medications on osseointegration. Datasets of articles classified manually were used to train a machine-learning algorithm based on Support Vector Machines. The algorithm was then validated and used to screen 599,604 articles identified with an extremely sensitive search strategy. The algorithm included 281 relevant articles that described the effect of 31 different drugs on osseointegration. This approach achieved an accuracy of 95%, and compared to manual screening, it reduced the workload by 93%. The systematic mapping revealed that the treatment outcomes of osseointegrated medical devices could be influenced by drugs affecting homeostasis, inflammation, cell proliferation and bone remodeling. The effect of all known medications on the performance of osseointegrated medical devices can be assessed using evidence mappings executed with highly accurate machine learning algorithms.

Regenerative Effect of Platelet Concentrates in Oral and Craniofacial Regeneration.

Platelet concentrates (PCs) are biological autologous products derived from the patient's whole blood and consist mainly of supraphysiologic concentration of platelets and growth factors (GFs). These GFs have anti-inflammatory and healing enhancing properties. Overall, PCs seem to enhance bone and soft tissue healing in alveolar ridge augmentation, periodontal surgery, socket preservation, implant surgery, endodontic regeneration, sinus augmentation, bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ), osteoradionecrosis, closure of oroantral communication (OAC), and oral ulcers. On the other hand, no effect was reported for gingival recession and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) procedures. Also, PCs could reduce pain and inflammatory complications in temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), oral ulcers, and extraction sockets. However, these effects have been clinically inconsistent across the literature. Differences in study designs and types of PCs used with variable concentration of platelets, GFs, and leucocytes, as well as different application forms and techniques could explain these contradictory results. This study aims to review the clinical applications of PCs in oral and craniofacial tissue regeneration and the role of their molecular components in tissue healing.

Cancer stem cell and its niche in malignant progression of oral potentially malignant disorders.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine association between cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their niche with progression of oral potentially malignant disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with histologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, stratified into high/low risk lesions based on the degree of dysplasia and oral cancer were included in this study. Immunohistochemical profiling of markers of CSCs (CD44), endothelial cells (CD31) and CSC-vascular niche cross-talk (CXCR4 and SDF1) were carried out. Statistical analysis was performed to correlate the relationship of markers with histopathology grade (ANOVA, and χ2 test, unpaired t test) using GraphPad InStat v3.06. RESULTS: The study included 550 samples (349 patients) and analysis showed progressive increase in expression levels of CSC and its niche markers with increase in grade of dysplasia as compared to the normal cohort (p < 0.05). Co-expression analysis revealed that, in comparison to the normal cohort, a larger percentage of patients showed increased expression of CD31 and CD44 (CD31high/CD44high; p < 0.05) and of CXCR4 and SDF1 (CXCR4high/SDF1high; p = 0.04), suggesting an association of the CSCs and the vascular niche. Further, distribution of patients with CD44high/CXCR4high (p < 0.05) and CD31high/SDF1high (p = 0.01) was significantly increased in the high-risk group (18%), suggesting a correlation between CD44+/CXCR4+ cells, the vascular niche and progression of oral dysplastic lesions. CONCLUSION: The increased expression of CSCs, the vascular niche and their cross talk markers are associated with increase in severity of dysplasia suggesting their role in the progression of oral potentially malignant disorders and may hence be used in identifying high-risk OPMD.

Differences in the Bacteriome of Smokeless Tobacco Products with Different Oral Carcinogenicity: Compositional and Predicted Functional Analysis.

Smokeless tobacco (ST) products vary significantly in their oral carcinogenicity. Much is known about the differences in the chemical, but not the bacterial, constituents of these products. In this study, we explored the composition and function of the bacteriome in ST products from four countries using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and 16S rRNA-based next generation sequencing. The bacterial load (16S rRNA copies/gram) was lowest in Swedish snus (3.4 × 106) and highest in Yemeni shammah (6.6 × 1011). A total of 491 species-level taxa, many of which are potentially novel, belonging to 178 genera and 11 phyla were identified. Species richness and diversity were highest for Swedish snus and lowest for Yemeni shammah. Bacillus, Paenibacillus, and Oceanobacillus spp. were the most abundant in American snuff; species of Pseudomonas, Massilia, Propionibacterium, Puniceispirillum, and Gloeothece predominated in Swedish snus. In Sudanese toombak, Facklamia, Desemzia, Atopostipes, and Lysinibacillus spp. accounted for the majority of the bacteriome. Yemeni shammah exclusively contained Bacillus spp. Functional prediction by phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) showed that genes encoding cadmium/zinc and nickel transport systems were enriched in the presumptively "high carcinogenicity" products. The bacteriome of ST products thus differed qualitatively, quantitatively, and functionally. The relevance of these differences, particularly with respect to nickel and cadmium, to oral carcinogenesis warrants further investigation.