ABSTRACT
We assessed the presence of independent evolving lineages of the trahira, Hoplias malabaricus, one of the few freshwater fish species having wide distribution in the Neotropics which is the region with the highest global diversity of freshwater fish. To achieve that goal, 58 mitochondrial sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI; DNA barcoding) were generated from collected samples and 85 obtained from public databases, which were analyzed in comparison to chromosomal and geological data. The magnitude of genetic diversity found among different sampling sites was greater than 2%. Molecular species delimitation methods indicated the existence of a least four distinct lineages. The recognised cytotypes did not form monophyletic groups, suggesting that the karyotypic macrostructure could be a homoplastic character. The haplotype relationships suggested secondary contacts between the ecoregions of Northern and Northeastern Brazil that were shaped by coastal routes between adjacent watersheds during the Pleistocene epoch and probable exchanges of their ichthyofaunas. Our results indicated that multiple factors have driven the diversification of H. malabaricus, from ancient geological events linked to the reactivation of tectonic faults to more recent occurrences related to eustatic changes in ocean levels. Ultimately, the magnitude of its genetic diversity suggests the necessity of revising its taxonomic status.