Postexercise Hypotension and Heart Rate Variability Responses Subsequent to Traditional, Paired Set, and Superset Resistance Training Methods.

Paz, GA, Iglesias-Soler, E, Willardson, JM, Maia, MdF, and Miranda, H. Postexercise hypotension and heart rate variability responses subsequent to traditional, paired set, and superset resistance training methods. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2433-2442, 2019-The purpose of this study was to compare training volume, postexercise hypotension (PEH), and heart rate variability (HRV) responses to different strength training methods. Thirteen trained men volunteered for this study. Three training methods were completed in a randomized design, which included: Traditional Set (TS)-3 successive sets for the lying bench press (LBP), lat pulldown (LPD), incline 45° bench press (BP45), seated close-grip row (SCR), triceps extension (TE), and biceps curl (BC), with a 90-second rest interval between sets and exercises; Paired Set (PS)-3 paired sets for the LBP-LPD, BP45-SCR, and TE-BC, with a 90-second rest interval between sets and exercises; and superset (SS)-3 supersets for the LBP-LPD, BP45-SCR, and TE-BC. During the SS session, no rest was permitted between PSs, followed by 180 seconds of rest after each SS. Ten repetition-maximum (RM) loads were adopted for all exercises. Blood pressure (BP) and HRV were measured at baseline, immediately aftersession, and at 10-minute intervals until 60 minutes after session. Significantly greater training volume was noted under the SS method (8,608.6 ± 2,062.2 kg) vs. the TS method (7,527.5 ± 2,365.1 kg), respectively. Significantly greater training volume was also observed under the PS method (8,262.3 ± 2,491.2 kg) vs. the TS method (p ≤ 0.05). No main effects for HRV and PEH were noted between protocols (p > 0.05). However, similar PEH response intraprotocols were observed for the TS, PS, and SS methods (p ≤ 0.05). Considering the duration of the PEH intraprotocol, large effect sizes were noted for the SS and PS methods vs. the TS method in diastolic and mean BP. Therefore, both the PS and SS methods may be an alternative to the TS method to achieve greater total repetitions and training volume with a tendency toward a longer PEH response.

El salto vertical después del estiramiento pasivo de los músculos flexores de la rodilla / Vertical jump performance after passive static stretching of knee flexors muscles

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto agudo del estiramiento estático pasivo (ESP) aplicado en los músculos flexores de la rodilla en el rendimiento del salto vertical (SV). Material y métodos: El estudio consistió en 10 hombres y 10 mujeres voluntarios con experiencia previa en el entrenamiento de fuerza (EF). Los sujetos realizaron 2 protocolos: EF sin ESP (TRAD) y SV inmediatamente después del estiramiento (ESP). Resultados: Hubo una diferencia significativa en el rendimiento del salto vertical ESP (53,6 ± 8,5 cm) en comparación con el TRAD (47,9 ± 13,1 cm) en el grupo femenino. En comparación con los hombres también hubo diferencias significativas en el ESP (58,4 ± 12,3) y el TRAD (51,4 ± 12,3) (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Este estudio sugiere que el estiramiento estático pasivo aplicado solo en los flexores de la rodilla puede mejorar el rendimiento durante el SV para los hombres y mujeres entrenados

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of passive static stretching (PSS) applied on hamstring muscles on vertical jump height (VJ) performance. Materials and methods: Ten men and 10 women with previous experience in resistance training were volunteers, and performed two protocols on non-consecutive days: traditional protocol (TRAD) including VJ without previous PSS, and a PSS protocol, with VJ immediately after stretching. Results: Significant differences were observed in VJ performance with PSS (53.6 ± 8.5 cm) when compared to TRAD (47.9 ± 13.1 cm) for the women’s group (P = .021). Significant differences were also observed in the men’s group with PSS (58,4 ± 12.3) versus TRAD (51.4 ± 9.6) protocol (P = 0.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that PSS applied only on hamstring muscles may have an acute effect on increasing the VJ performance for both men and women with previous experience in resistance training

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF KNEE VALGUS DURING DROP VERTICAL JUMP AND FORWARD STEP-UP IN YOUNG BASKETBALL PLAYERS.

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: Lower limb asymmetry between dominant and nondominant limbs is often associated with injuries. However, there is a lack of evidence about frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) of the knee joint (knee valgus) during drop vertical jump (DVJ) and forward step-up tasks (FSUP) in young basketball players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the FPPA (i.e., dynamic knee valgus) via 2D video analysis during DVJ and FSUP tasks in the dominant and nondominant limbs of young male basketball players. METHODS: Twenty seven young male basketball players (age 14.5 ± 1.3 y, height 161.1 ± 4.1 cm, weight 64.2 ± 10.2 kg) participated in this study. The participants were asked to perform a bilateral DVJ and unilateral FSUP tasks. Kinematic analysis of FPPA was completed via a two-dimensional (2D) examination in order to evaluate the knee valgus alignment during the beginning of the concentric phase of each task. Knee valgus alignment was computed considering the angle between the line formed between the markers at the anterior superior iliac spine and middle of the tibiofemoral joint and the line formed from the markers on the middle of the tibiofemoral joint to the middle of the ankle mortise. Paired t-tests were used to evaluate differences in tasks. Standard error of measurement (SEM) was calculated to establish random error scores. RESULTS: There was no difference in knee valgus angle during the DVJ task between dominant (20.2 ± 4.4 º) and nondominant legs (20 ± 4.1 º; p = 0.067). However, a significant difference was noted during FSUP between the non-dominant limb (18.7 ± 3.4 º) when compared to the dominant (21.7 ± 3.5 º; p = 0.001) limb. CONCLUSION: Two dimensional kinematic analysis of knee FPPA may help coaches and other professionals to detect asymmetries between dominant and nondominant limbs, and to develop training programs with the goal of reducing overall lower extremity injury risk. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b.

Efeito da pré-ativação dos antagonistas sobre a determinação da carga no teste de 10 repetições máximas no exercício supino reto / Effects of antagonist pre-activation on 10 repetition maximum load determination in the bench press exercise

Introdução: Evidências indicam que a pré-ativação do antagonista melhora o desempenho agonista no exercício. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito da pré-ativação dos antagonistas (PAA) na determinação de carga no teste de 10 repetições máximas (RM) no supino reto no smith (SRS). Métodos: sessões 1 e 2, o teste e reteste de 10-RM foram aplicados no exercício remada aberta sentado (RAS). Sessões 3, 4, 5 e 6, o teste e reteste para o exercício SRS foram aplicados em duas condições distintas: tradicional, sem pré ativação dos antagonistas; PAA, uma série no RAS foi aplicada até a falha, e seguida pela tentativa no exercício SRS registrando-se o máximo de carga para de 10-RM. Resultado: no exercício SRS sem PAA obteve-se 99 ± 10,5 kg, quando se realizou a PAA através da RAS verificou-se 102,7 ± 12,7 kg. Conclusão: o estudo evidenciou que a pré-ativação dos antagonistas pode aumentar a força dos agonistas melhorando seu desempenho.

Introduction: studies indicate that preactivation of the antagonist can improve performance on agonist exercise. Objective: investigate the effect of antagonist preactivation (PAA) on the 10 maximum repetition performance of the agonists. Methods: on sessions 1 and 2, the volunteers performed a test and retest of 10 maximum repetitions (RM) in the wide grip seated row (WSR). Sessions 3, 4, 5 and 6, a test and retest in the bench press in smith machine (BPS) was made in two conditions: traditional, without preactivation; PAA, one set in the WSR to the fatigue point and immediately a trial in the BPS every attempt, registering the maximum 10-RM load. Results: the BPS test without PAA was obtained 99 ± 10.5 kg, however when PAA was carried out in SR test was obtained 102.7 ± 12.7 kg. Conclusion: The study showed that the proposal to activate the antagonist before agonist may increase the strength of the agonist.

Parámetros de rendimiento de fuerza mediante la adopción de diferentes secuencias de ejercicios durante series emparejadas agonista-antagonista / Strength performance parameters when adopting different exercise sequences during agonist-antagonist paired sets

Objetivo: Investigar el efecto de distintas secuencias de ejercicios de series emparejadas de los músculos agonistas/antagonistas sobre el volumen del entrenamiento, la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo y la activación muscular. Material y método: Trece deportistas de recreación, hombres, fueron voluntariamente sometidos a este estudio. Se aplicaron 2 protocolos en 2 días no consecutivos. Protocolo BR: los participantes realizaron 3 series de ejercicios de press de banca (PB) hasta el agotamiento (con carga de 8 repeticiones máximas) seguidas del ejercicio de remo sentado (RS), alternadamente. Protocolo RB: el remo sentado se realizó antes del PB. Se adoptó un intervalo de recuperación de 2 min entre repeticiones y ejercicios. Durante los 2 ejercicios se anotaron el número de repeticiones y la señal electromiográfica de los músculos deltoides posterior (DP), del bíceps braquial (BB), del pectoral mayor (PM) y del tríceps braquial (TB). Resultado: No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el volumen de entrenamiento (1.486,6 ± 200,3; 1.492 ± 282,5) y del trabajo total (22,3 ± 1,3; 22 ± 2) entre las secuencias BR y RB, para PB, respectivamente. Se observó un volumen de entrenamiento (1.709,7 ± 177,6; 1.424,4 ± 196) y del trabajo total (25,3 ± 1,8; 21 ± 1,6) superiores en el RS en la secuencia BR, comparado con RB. Conclusión: La secuencia del ejercicio mostró diferencias significativas en el rendimiento de fuerza y activación muscular de los agonistas durante las series emparejadas agonistaantagonista en el ejercicio de RS. Estos resultados indican que la precarga de los antagonistas puede generar un efecto potencial para favorecer el rendimiento de los músculos dorsales

Objective: To investigate the effect of different exercise sequences during agonist-antagonist paired sets on training volume, ratings of perceived exertion, and muscle activation. Material and methods: Thirteen recreationally trained males participated in this study. Two protocols were adopted in two non-consecutive days. BS - participants performed three repetition to failure sets (with 8 repetition maximum loads) of bench-press (BP) followed by seated row exercise in alternate manner. SB - the seated row (SR) was performed before bench press. Two-minute rest interval was adopted between sets and exercises. The number of repetitions and electromyography signals of the posterior deltoids (PD), biceps brachii (BB), pectoralis major (PM), and triceps brachii (TB) muscles were recorded during both exercises. Results: No significant differences were noted in training volume (1486.6 ± 200.3; 1492 ± 282.5) and total work (22.3 ± 1.3; 22 ± 2) BS and SB sequences for BP, respectively. Higher training volume (1709.7 ± 177.6; 1424.4 ± 196) and total work (25.3 ± 1.8; 21 ± 1.6) were noted for SR under BS compared to SB. Higher PD activation was noted during SR under BS compared to SB. Conclusion: The exercise sequence showed significant differences in strength performance and agonist muscle activation during agonist-antagonist paired sets for SR exercise. These results suggest that antagonist pre-loading may have a potential effect on back muscles

Desempenho de repetições máximas adotando diferentes ordens de exercícios em uma sessão de treinamento de força para o membro superior / Performance of maximum number of repetitions for different variations of exercise order in an upper limb resistance training session

Introdução: A ordem dos exercícios interfere diretamente no desempenho de força. Objetivo: Investigar a influência de diferentes ordens de execução de exercícios em uma sessão de treinamento de força sobre o desempenho de repetições. Métodos: Dezoito homens treinados realizaram dois protocolos experimentais randomizados: SEQA ­ supino reto (SR), supino inclinado (SI), desenvolvimento na máquina (DM), abdução de ombros (AO), tríceps pulley (TP) e tríceps francês (TF); SEQB ­ ordem inversa. Três séries com cargas de dez repetições máximas foram realizadas para todos os exercícios. Resultados: Observaram-se diferenças significativas no trabalho total (repetições x séries) para os exercícios SR, SI, DM, AO, e TF entre SEQA e SEQB, exceto no TP. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as sequências (p = 0,07), considerando o somatório de repetições para SEQA (2225 ± 2,44) e SEQB (2337 ± 3,02). Conclusão: Sugere-se que os exercícios prioritários sejam realizados no início da sessão de treinamento, independente do tamanho do grupo muscular.

Introduction: The exerciser order directly affects the strength performance. Objective: To investigate the influence of different variations of exercise order on repetition performance during resistance training sessions. Methods: Eighteen trained men performed two randomized experimental protocols: SEQA ­ bench press (BP), incline bench press (IBP), machine shoulder press (MSP), shoulders abduction (SA), triceps extension on pulley (TEP) and French triceps extension (FTE); SEQB ­ reverse order. Three repetitions to failure sets were performed with ten repetition maximum loads for all exercises. Results: Significant differences were observed in total work (repetitions x sets) for BP, IBP, MSP, SA, and FTE between SEQA and SEQB, except TEP exercise. There were no significant differences between the sequences (p = 0.07), considering the sum of repetitions for all exercises under SEQA (2225 ± 2.44) and SEQB (2337 ± 2.3). Conclusion: We suggest that priority exercise should be performed in the beginning of the training session, regardless the muscle group size.

Influência da ordem dos exercícios no desempenho do número de repetições com baixa intensidade de carga em homens destreinados / Influence of exercise order on repetition performance with low intensity resistance in untrained men

INTRODUÇÃO: A ordem dos exercícios pode afetar significativamente o desempenho de força muscular. OBJETIVO: Comparar o desempenho de repetições máximas e percepção subjetiva de esforço adotando diferentes ordens de exercícios. MÉTODOS: Trinta e seis homens destreinados (27,86 ± 2,89 anos) realizaram duas sessões, a saber: SEQA ­ com a seguinte sequência: supino reto (SR), puxada alta (PA), desenvolvimento (DS), rosca bíceps (RB), rosca tríceps (RT), leg press (LP), cadeira extensora (CE) e mesa flexora (MF); e SEQB ­ com ordem inversa adotada para RT, RB, DS, PA, SR, MF, CE, LP. RESULTADOS: Os exercícios SR, PA, RB e RT mostraram valores significativamente maiores no número total de repetições na SEQA. Quanto a MF, CE, LP, não houve diferença significativa. A percepção sub-jetiva de esforço apresentou diferença para os seguintes exercícios: MF, RB e RT entre as sequências. CONCLUSÃO: Dessa forma, os grupos musculares priorizados devem ser exercitados no início das sequências.

INTRODUCTION: Exercise order may significantly affect muscle strength per-formance. OBJECTIVE: To compare the maximum repetition performance and perceived exertion adopting different orders exercises. METHODS: Thirty-six untrained men (27.86 ± 2.89 years) performed two exercise sequences: SEQA ­ the order was: bench press (BP), lat pull down (LPD), shoulder press (SP), biceps curl (BC), triceps curl (TC), leg press (LP), leg extension (LE) and leg curl (LC); SEQB ­ the reverse order was adopted to TC, BC, SP, LPD, BP, LC, LE, LP. Results: BP, LPD, BC and TC repetition performance was significantly higher during SEQA when compared to SEQB. However, no differences were noted for LC, LE and LP. The perceived exertion showed differences for the following exercises: LC, BC and TC. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the main muscle groups should be exercised at the beginning of training session

Acute effects of antagonist static stretching in the inter-set rest period on repetition performance and muscle activation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of antagonist passive static stretching (AS) during the inter-set rest period on repetition performance and muscle activation. Ten trained men (22.4 ± 0.9 years) participated in this study. Two protocols were adopted: Passive recovery (PR)--three sets to repetition failure were performed for the seated row (SR) with two-minute rest interval between sets without pre-exercise stretching; AS--forty seconds of stretching was applied to pectoralis major prior to each set of SR. Significant increases in the number of repetitions were noted under AS compared with PR (p < 0.05). Significant increases on latissimus dorsi (p = 0.002) and biceps brachii (p = 0.001) muscle activity were noted inter-sets under the AS compared with the PR condition. Therefore, the AS adopted during the inter-set rest period may enhance repetition performance and activation of agonist muscles in an acute manner.

Efeito agudo do alongamento estático nos antagonistas sobre o teste de repetições máximas para os músculos agonistas / Acute effect of antagonist static stretching on repetition maximum test for agonist muscles

Diversos estudos observaram redução significativa no desempenho de repetições máximas após aplicação do alongamento estático (AE). O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito agudo do AE nos antagonistas sobre o desempenho de repetições dos agonistas. Participaram do estudo 11 indivíduos com experiência prévia em treinamento de força (24,18 ± 3,54 anos de idade, 75,21 ± 9,32kg, 177 ± 0,71 cm). Em quatro sessões foram realizados 4 protocolos experimentais: MFSA - mesa flexora sem AE; MFA - mesa flexora após AE nos antagonistas; RBSA - rosca bíceps no banco scott sem AE; RBA - rosca bíceps após AE nos antagonistas. Na estatística inferencial foi aplicado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e o Teste T pareado para comparar as repetições completadas. Para todas as análises inferenciais considerou-se o valor de p <.05. Foi observado aumento significativo (p = .011) no número de repetições no RBA (12,45 ± 1,96) comparado ao RBSA (11,18 ± 1,40). Também se verificou aumento significativo (p =.043) no MFA (14,72 ± 1,55) comparada a MFSA (13,18 ± 2,89). Para o MFA o EF foi classificado como pequeno ( .53). Como visto, o AE aplicado nos antagonistas pode promover melhora significativa no desempenho de repetições dos agonistas.

Several studies have found significant reductions on maximal repetition performance after static stretching (SS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of AS on repetitions performed by the agonist muscles. The study included 11 individuals with previous experience in resistance training (24.18 ± 3.54 years, 75.21 ± 9.32kg, 177 ± 0.71cm). In four sessions were performed 4 experimental protocols (48h apart): LC - leg curl without AS; LCS: leg curl after AS; AC - arm curl on scott seat without AS; ACS - arm curl on scott seat after AS. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and paired T test were adopted to compare the differences between protocols. The alpha value of p< .05 was adopted for all inferential analysis. Significant increases (p =.011) were observed in the number of repetitions in the ACS (12.45 ± 1.96) compared to the AC (11.18 ± 1.40). It was also found a significant increase (p =.043) in LCS (14.72 ± 1.55) compared to LC (13.18 ± 2.89). The EF for LCS was classified as small (EF = .53). Therefore, the AS can promote significant improvement in repetitions performance of the agonists.

Efeito da facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva e pré-ativação dinâmica dos antagonistas sobre a força isométrica máxima e sinal eletromiográfico / Effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and antagonist dynamic pre-activation on maximal isometric force and electromyographic signal

Uma das principais adaptações neurais relacionadas ao treinamento de força é a redução progressiva na coativação dos músculos antagonistas e aumento da ativação dos agonistas. Recentemente, evidências sugerem que a pré-ativação dos antagonistas pode melhorar o desempenho dos agonistas, entretanto, não há evidências consistentes que suportem tal hipótese. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar as respostas eletromiográficas (EMG) do latíssimo do dorso (LD), porção espinal do deltoide (DE), porção clavicular do peitoral maior (PC), porção clavicular do deltoide (DC) e força isométrica máxima (Fmáx) durante o exercício de remada aberta (RA) em isometria após facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva (FNPA) e pré-ativação dinâmica dos antagonistas no teste de flexão de braços (PADA). Participaram do estudo 10 homens (23,1 ± 3 anos de idade, 77,7 ± 6,5 kg de massa corporal, 167,5 ± 4,8 cm de estatura e 25,6 ± 2,3 kg/m2 de índice de massa corporal) recreacionalmente treinados. A amplitude do sinal EMG foi normalizada por ações isométricas voluntárias máximas (AIVMs). Na análise estatística, foi aplicada a ANOVA two-way e post hoc de Bonferroni para realizar as devidas comparações (p < 0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na Fmáx após os protocolos FNPA e PADA comparados ao exercício de RA sem estímulo prévio (RSEP). Em relação à amplitude EMG dos músculos LD, DE (agonistas), PC e DC (antagonistas), não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os protocolos RSEP, FNPA e PADA. Esses resultados sugerem que parece não haver benefícios adicionais na aplicação da técnica de FNP contract-relax e pré-ativação nos antagonistas sobre o sinal EMG e Fmáx dos agonistas baseado na hipótese de inibição neurológica dos antagonistas.

One of the main related neural adaptations to strength training is the progressive reduction in the antagonist coactivation and increased in agonist activation. Recently, evidence suggests that antagonist pre-activation can improve the agonist performance, however, there is no consistent evidence to support this hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate electromyographic responses (EMG) of the latissimus dorsi (LD), spinal portion of deltoid (DE), clavicular portion of pectoralis major (PC), clavicular portion of deltoid (DC) and maximal isometric force (Fmax) during the isometric exercise of wide grip seated row (SR) after proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (FNPA) and antagonist dynamics pre-activation in the push up test (PADA). The study included 10 men (23.1 ± 3 years of age, 77.7 ± 6.5 kg body weight, 167.5 ± 4.8 cm in height and 25.6 ± 2.3 kg/m2 index body weight) recreationally trained. The EMG amplitude was normalized by maximum voluntary isometric actions (MVIAs). Statistical analysis was applied the two-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni to perform the comparisons (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in Fmax after the protocols FNPA and PADA compared the performance of SR without previous stimulus (RSEP). Regarding the EMG amplitude LD, DE (agonists), PC and DC (antagonists), there were no significant differences between the protocols RSEP, FNPA and PADA. These results suggest that there is no additional benefits in applying the technique of PNF contract-relax and pre-activation in the antagonists on the EMG signal and Fmax based on the hypothesis of neurological inhibition of antagonists.