Exploring the microbiome of two uterine sites in cows.

Bacterial communities in the mammalian reproductive system can be rich and diverse, differing in structure and quantity depending on location. In addition, its microbiome is associated with the state of health of this tract and reproductive success. This study evaluated the microbiome composition of the uterine body (UB) and uterine horn mucosa (UH) samples using 16S rRNA sequencing of samples extracted from cows in the Amazon region. It was observed that four main phyla were shared between the uterine sites: Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Linear discriminant analysis effect size and heat tree analysis showed that members of Lachnospiraceae (NK3A20 group) and Oscillospiraceae were significantly more abundant in the UB than in UH. In addition, there are more unique genera in the UB than in the UH. A higher bacterial load in UB than in UH is expected because of the exposure to external factors of UB. However, comparing the site's communities through beta diversity did not generate well-defined clustering. Thus, it can be attributed to the closeness of the sites, which would make the niches similar ecologically and microbiologically. Therefore, this research provides knowledge to understand biomarkers in the prior reproduction period.

An analysis of the cecum microbiome of three breeds of the guinea pig: Andina, Inti, and Peru.

This study investigated the effect of host genetics on the structure and composition of the cecum microbiota of three breeds of guinea pigs: Andina, Inti, and Peru. Fifteen guinea pigs were distributed into three groups according to their breed: Andina (5), Inti (5), and Peru (5). We discovered that four main phyla were shared between the three breeds: Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, Spirochaetota, and Synergistota. Although there were no significant differences in the alpha and beta diversity analysis, we found that the Linear discriminant analysis effect size and the heat tree analysis showed significant differences between the abundance of several taxa present in the cecum microbiome of the three breeds. These results suggest that host genetics could be a factor in the structure and composition of the guinea pig cecum microbiome. In addition, we found unique genera for each breed that have fermentation capacity and, therefore can be analyzed in further studies to determine if there is a functional relationship between them and the breed and its industrial profile.

Sustainability of livestock farms: The case of the district of Moyobamba, Peru.

The Peruvian Amazon is a geographical area with great biodiversity, where the main economic activities are agricultural crops and grazing animals. The evaluation of sustainability in production systems is based on the analysis of economic, environmental and social components, which are variable between production units or livestock farms. The classification of livestock farms based on their characteristics of similarity and differences can contribute to the most appropriate assessment of their level of sustainability. The objective of this research was to determine the level of sustainability of livestock farms in the district of Moyobamba, San Martín, Peru, based on environmental, economic and social criteria. The research was carried out from November 2018 to February 2019 with a survey of a sample of 60 livestock farms out of a population of 2220. A survey-type form and data collection in the field were applied, adapting a methodology that proposes inferring on 33 indicators grouped into six criteria: three environmental criteria (soil quality, pasture health and animal quality), two economic criteria (farm system and farm economy), and a social criterion of the farm. A scale from 1 to 10 was used to assess the condition of each indicator. The typification of farms was carried out through a Conglomerate Analysis. To analyze the level of sustainability, Amoeba graphs were constructed for each defined farm group. Qualitative variables were analyzed with contingency tables and quantitative variables using the T test (p < 0.05). Three types of livestock farms were identified, differentiated by level of education, farm size, years in cattle raising and number of cattle heads (p < 0.05), where Group 1 is less experienced, Group 1 has more area and cattle, and Group 3 only have older years in livestock. There were significant differences between the evaluated criteria and the sustainability index. From the typification of livestock farms, Group 2 (13 farms) presented a higher level of sustainability as did Group 3 (16 farms), while Group 1 (31 farms) presented unsustainable conditions. The environmental indicators based on animal quality and farm system show unsustainability in all farms the District of Moyobamba, as they fail to exceed the threshold of sustainability (5).

Comparative analysis of fasting effects on the cecum microbiome in three guinea pig breeds: Andina, Inti, and Peru.

Guinea pigs have historically been used as a food source and are also an important model for studying the human intestines. Fasting is the act of temporarily stopping the intake of food. This process can alter the microbiota of various animals. This study is the first to investigate the impact of fasting on the cecum microbiome of three guinea pig breeds. We investigated the impact of fasting on the microbiome population structure in the cecum of three guinea pig breeds. This was done by sequencing and analyzing the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene in bacterial communities found in cecum mucosa samples. To achieve this, we established two treatment groups (fasting and fed), for each of the three guinea pig breeds: Andina, Inti, and Peru. The study involved twenty-eight guinea pigs, which were divided into the following groups: Andina-fed (five), Andina-fasting (five), Inti-fed (four), Inti-fasting (five), Peru-fed (five), and Peru-fasting (four). The results indicated a significant difference in beta diversity between the treatment groups for the Peru breed (P-value = 0.049), but not for the treatment groups of the Andina and Inti breeds. The dominant phyla across all groups were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. We observed variations in the abundance of different taxa in the cecum microbiota when comparing the treatment groups for each breed. Additionally, there was a higher number of unique taxa observed in the fasting groups compared to the fed groups. We discovered that the genus Victivallis was the only one present in all fasting groups across all breeds. Despite the findings, the resilience of the gut microbiome was not challenged in all three breeds, which can lead to disruptive changes that may affect the overall maintenance of the cecum microbiome. Based on the observed differences in the treatment groups of the Peru breed, it can be suggested that fasting has a greater impact on this particular breed.

Evaluación del potencial de anís de la sierra (Tagetes filifolia Lag. ) como fuente de aceite esencial para uso agroindustrial / Evaluating the potential of anise of the mountains (Tagetes filifolia Lag. ) as a source of essential oil for use agribusiness

El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como principal objetivo del potencial de “anís de la sierra” (Tagetes filifolia Lag.) como fuente de aceite esencial para uso agroindustrial, para lo cual se sembró nueve parcelas de 1 m cuadrado cada una con densidades de siembra de 25, 36 y 64 plantas/m cuadrado. Se consideraron tres variables independientes: etapa fenológica (120, 130, 140 días), densidad de siembra (25, 36 y 64 plantas/m cuadrado) y tiempo de extracción de aceite esencial (30, 50 y 70 minutos).la variable respuesta fue rendimiento de aceite esencial (mL/100 g de plantas de anís). Con la aplicación del diseño estadístico de Box-Behnken se determinó que con plantas de “anís de la sierra” cultivadas durante 140 días, con una densidad de siembra de 64 plantas/m cuadrado y con un tiempo de extracción de aceite esencial por arrastre con vapor de 50 minutos, se ha logrado el mayor rendimiento que llegó a 0,44 mL de aceite esencial por cada 100 g de plantas de “anís de la sierra”. El procesamiento de los resultados experimentales con el software Statgraphics dio como resultado que plantas de “anís de la sierra” cultivadas durante 127,1 días, con una densidad de siembra de 56,3 plantas/m cuadrado y con un tiempo de extracción de aceite esencial por arrastre con vapor de 50,6 minutos, se puede lograr el máximo rendimiento que llegaría a 0,42 mL de aceite esencial por cada 100 g de plantas.

This research has as main objective of the potential of anise in the mountain (Tagetes filifolia Lag.) as a source of essential oil for use agribusiness, which plots were planted of 1 m2 each with densities of 25, 36 and 64 plants/m2, considering three independent variables: phonological stage (120, 130 and 140 days), density (25, 36 and 64 plants/m2) and time of extraction of essential oil (30, 50 and 70 minutes). The variables response was essential oil yield (mL essential oil/100 g anise). With the application of statistical design of Box-Behnken found that plants anise in the mountains cultivated for 140 days, with a density of 64 plants/m2 and with a time of extraction of essential oil to drag 50 minutes of steam, it has achieved the highest yield that became 0,44 mL of essential oil per 100 g plant. The processing of experimental results with the software Statgraphics resulted in plants of anise in the mountains cultivated during 127,1 days, with a density of 56,3 plants/m2 and with a time of extraction of essential oil steam apparatus 50,6 minutes, you can achieve maximum performance that would come to 0,42 mL of essential oil per 100 g plant.