Autologous Tricortical Iliac Bone Graft for Failed Latarjet Procedures.

The high recurrence rates seen in open and arthroscopic Bankart repair in the presence of significant glenoid bone loss, Hill-Sachs lesions, or combined bony deficiencies have led many surgeons to choose bony reconstructions to manage these injuries. Although the Latarjet procedure has proved to be reliable to manage recurrent anterior shoulder instability, there have been concerns of a higher surgical complication rate associated with this procedure. Moreover, some of the complications reported with this procedure such as symptomatic implants, fracture or nonunion of the coracoid graft, and recurrence of instability could need a revision surgery to be solved. The autologous tricortical iliac bone graft is an excellent option for failed bony reconstructions. However, as with any successful surgery, each step requires planning and precise application to limit risks and avoid pitfalls. This Technical Note provides a detailed description of the autologous tricortical iliac bone graft for failed Latarjet procedures.

Long-Term Outcomes After In Situ Arthroscopic Repair of Partial Rotator Cuff Tears.

PURPOSE: To analyze clinical outcomes, return to sports, and complications in a series of patients with painful partial-thickness rotator cuff tears treated with arthroscopic in situ repair with suture anchors who had a minimum of 8 years of follow-up. METHODS: Sixty-two patients who had undergone an arthroscopic in situ repair for partial-thickness rotator cuff tears were evaluated. All injuries involved the supraspinatus tendon. Clinical assessment consisted of glenohumeral range-of-motion measurement and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score. Pain was rated by using a visual analog scale. We assessed return to sports and the level of performance achieved after surgery. Postoperative complications were also assessed. RESULTS: Mean age was 52.4 years (range, 32 to 67 years), and mean duration of follow-up was 10.4 years (range, 8 to 12 years). All active range-of-motion parameters improved significantly (P < .0001). The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score improved from 45.6 to 85.1; and the visual analog scale scores improved from 6.4 to 1.6 (P < .0001). Thirty patients participated in sports before injury: 21 were recreational athletes and 9 were competitive athletes. Twenty-six (87%) were able to return to sports, and 24 (80%) returned to the same level they had achieved before injury. No significant difference regarding functional outcomes or return to sports was found between patients with articular-sided tears and those with bursal-sided tears. No revision surgeries were performed. Three patients had postoperative adhesive capsulitis that responded favorably to physical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: During long-term follow-up, arthroscopic in situ repair of partial-thickness rotator cuff tears produces excellent functional outcomes in more than 80% of patients, and revision rates are low. Most patients return to their chosen sport at the same level they had achieved before injury. The results are equally favorable for articular-sided and bursal-sided tears. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, therapeutic case series.

Return to Sports After in Situ Arthroscopic Repair of Partial Rotator Cuff Tears.

PURPOSE: To evaluate return to sport, clinical outcomes, and complications in a series of athletes with painful partial-thickness rotator cuff tears treated with the arthroscopic in situ repair with a minimum 2-year follow-up. METHODS: Retrospective case series. Seventy-two patients who had undergone an arthroscopic in situ repair for partial-thickness rotator cuff tears were evaluated. We assessed return to sport and the level achieved after surgery. Clinical assessment consisted of glenohumeral range of motion measurement and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score. Pain was recorded using a visual analog scale. Postoperative complications were also assessed. RESULTS: The mean age was 42.2 years (range, 21-66 years), and the mean follow-up was 54 months (range, 24-113 months). Sixty-one patients (87%) were able to return to sports. Fifty-six patients (80%) returned to the same level they had previous to the injury. The mean interval between surgery and return to competition was 5.6 months. The final functional outcomes were related neither to the type of sports nor to the level of competition before the injury. All active range of motion parameters improved significantly (P < .0001). The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score improved from 43.3 to 88.1, and the visual analog scale scores improved from 6.1 to 1.2 (P < .0001). No significant difference regarding return to sports or functional outcomes was found between articular and bursal-sided tears. Only 5 patients developed a postoperative adhesive capsulitis that responded to physical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with partial-thickness rotator cuff tears, arthroscopic in situ repair resulted in excellent functional outcomes, with most of the patients returning to sport and at the same level they had before injury. The results were equally favorable in articular and bursal tears. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Modified Latarjet Procedure Without Capsulolabral Repair for Failed Previous Operative Stabilizations.

The optimal management of recurrent anterior shoulder instability with significant glenoid bone loss continues to be a challenge. The high recurrence rates seen in arthroscopic Bankart repair in the presence of significant glenoid bone loss have led many surgeons to choose bony reconstructions to manage these injuries. The Latarjet procedure acts through the combination of 3 different mechanisms: the coracoid bone graft restores and extends the glenoid articular arc, the conjoint tendon acts as a dynamic sling on the inferior subscapularis and anteroinferior capsule when the arm is abducted and externally rotated, and the effect of repairing the capsule to the stump of the coracoacromial ligament. However, in patients with multiple recurrences and previous surgeries, the anteroinferior labrum and capsule are often very deficient or practically destroyed. This Technical Note provides a detailed description of the modified Latarjet procedure without capsulolabral repair for patients with failed previous operative stabilizations.

Modified Latarjet Procedure Without Capsulolabral Repair for the Treatment of Failed Previous Operative Stabilizations in Athletes.

PURPOSE: To analyze time to return to sport, functional outcomes, and recurrences of the modified Latarjet procedure without capsulolabral repair in athletes with recurrent anterior shoulder instability after a failed previous operative stabilization. METHODS: We included athletes with recurrent anterior shoulder instability with a previous failed operative stabilization treated with the modified Latarjet procedure without capsulolabral repair with a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Return to sports, range of motion, the Rowe score, a visual analog scale for pain in sport activity, and the Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System were used to assess functional outcomes. Recurrences were also evaluated. The postoperative bone block position and consolidation were assessed with computed tomography. RESULTS: Between June 2008 and June 2015, 68 athletes were treated with the modified Latarjet procedure without capsulolabral reconstruction for recurrent shoulder instability after a previous failed stabilization surgery. The mean follow-up was 44 months (range, 24-108 months), and the mean age at the time of operation was 26.8 years (range, 17-35 years). All the patients returned to sports, and 95% returned to the same sport they practiced before the surgery, all to the same level. No significant difference in shoulder range of motion was found between preoperative and postoperative results. The Rowe score, visual analog scale, and Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System showed statistical improvement after operation (P < .001). There was no recurrence of shoulder dislocation or subluxation. The bone block healed in 92% of patients. There were 8 complications (12.3%) and 2 reoperations (3%). CONCLUSIONS: In athletes with previous failed operative stabilization procedures, the modified Latarjet without capsulolabral repair produced excellent functional outcomes with most athletes returning to sport at the same level they had before the surgery without recurrences. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic, case series study.

Modified Latarjet Without Capsulolabral Repair in Rugby Players With Recurrent Anterior Glenohumeral Instability and Significant Glenoid Bone Loss.

BACKGROUND: The optimal management of recurrent anterior shoulder instability with significant glenoid bone loss in high-demand collision athletes remains a challenge. PURPOSE: To analyze the time to return to sport, clinical outcomes, and recurrences following a modified Latarjet procedure without capsulolabral repair in rugby players with recurrent anterior shoulder instability and significant glenoid bone loss. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Between June 2008 and June 2015, 50 competitive rugby players (practice >2 times per week and competition during weekends) with recurrent anterior shoulder instability underwent operation with the modified congruent arc Latarjet procedure without capsulolabral repair in our institution. Cases included 18 primary repairs and 32 revisions. Return to sports, range of motion (ROM), the Rowe score, a visual analog scale for pain in sport activity (VAS), and the Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System (ASOSS) were used to assess functional outcomes. Recurrences were also evaluated. The postoperative bone block position and consolidation were assessed with computed tomography. The final analysis included 49 shoulders in 48 patients (31 revision cases). RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 48 months (range, 24-108 months) and the mean age at the time of operation was 22.8 years (range, 17-35 years). Forty-five patients (93.7%) returned to playing rugby, all at their preinjury level of play. No significant difference in shoulder ROM was found between preoperative and postoperative results. The Rowe, VAS, and ASOSS scores showed statistically significant improvement after operation ( P < .001). The Rowe score increased from a mean of 39.5 points preoperatively to 94 points postoperatively ( P < .01). The VAS score decreased from 3.6 points preoperatively to 1.2 points postoperatively ( P < .01). The ASOSS score improved significantly from a mean of 44 points preoperatively to 89.5 points postoperatively ( P < .01). No recurrence of shoulder dislocation or subluxation was noted. The bone block healed in 43 shoulders (88%). CONCLUSION: In rugby players with recurrent anterior shoulder instability and significant glenoid bone loss, the modified Latarjet procedure without capsulolabral repair produced excellent functional outcomes, with most athletes returning to rugby at their preinjury level of play without recurrences.

Comparison Between Modified Latarjet Performed as a Primary or Revision Procedure in Competitive Athletes: A Comparative Study of 100 Patients With a Minimum 2-Year Follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The literature lacks evidence comparing outcomes between the Latarjet procedure performed as a primary procedure versus a revision procedure in competitive athletes. PURPOSE: To compare return to sport, functional outcomes, and complications of the modified Latarjet performed as a primary or revision procedure in competitive athletes. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Between June 2008 and June 2015, a total of 100 competitive athletes with recurrent anterior shoulder instability underwent surgery with the congruent arc Latarjet procedure without capsulolabral repair. There were 46 patients with primary repairs and 54 with revisions. Return to sport, range of motion (ROM), the Rowe score, a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain in sport activity, and the Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System (ASOSS) were used to assess functional outcomes. Recurrences were also evaluated. The postoperative bone block position and consolidation were assessed by computed tomography. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 58 months (range, 24-108 months). A total of 96 patients (96%) returned to competitive sports; 91% returned to their preinjury level of play. No significant difference in shoulder ROM was found between preoperative and postoperative results. The Rowe, VAS, and ASOSS scores showed statistically significant improvements after surgery (P < .001). The Rowe score increased from a preoperative mean of 43.8 to a postoperative mean of 96.1 (P < .01). Subjective pain during sports improved from a preoperative VAS score of 3.3 to a postoperative score of 1.2 (P < .01). The ASOSS score improved significantly from a preoperative mean of 46.3 to a postoperative mean of 88.1 (P < .001). No significant differences in shoulder ROM and functional scores were found between patients who underwent a primary versus a revision procedure. No recurrence of shoulder dislocation or subluxation was noted. The bone block healed in 91 patients (91%). CONCLUSION: In competitive athletes with recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability, the modified Latarjet procedure produced excellent functional outcomes, with most athletes returning to sport at the same level they had before surgery and without recurrence, regardless of whether the surgery was performed as a primary or a revision procedure.

Luxación acromioclavicular (LAC) aguda. Resultados con técnica de doble Endobutton® sin reconstrucción ligamentaria / Acromio clavicular acute dislocation. Results with double endobutton technique without ligament reconstruction

Introducción Las lesiones de la articulación acromioclavicular (AC) son muy comunes y van en aumento por el incremento de los deportes de contacto y el aumento del número de deportistas. Se presentan en el 9% de todas las lesiones de la cintura escapular. La gran cantidad de técnicas quirúrgicas descritas e ilustradas nos evidencia el hecho de que la técnica ideal para tratar este tipo de lesiones sintomáticas no ha sido desarrollada. El objetivo del estudio es reportar los resultados radiográficos en luxaciones de la AC de tipo V mediante la técnica de doble Endobutton® sin reconstrucción de ligamentos. Materiales y métodos Desde enero de 2011 hasta diciembre de 2013, 15 pacientes con luxación acromioclavicular aguda (<3 semanas) fueron tratados con la técnica de doble Endobutton® sin reconstrucción ligamentaria. Todos los pacientes presentaron luxación de tipo V según clasificación de Rockwood. Entre los pacientes, 12 fueron de sexo masculino y 3 de sexo femenino, con una media de edad de 35 años (rango de 22 a 56 años), evaluados con rayos X en el postoperatorio inmediato, y 1, 3 y 12 meses después. Resultados De los 15 pacientes, 7 presentaron pérdida de reducción radiográfica durante el primer año postoperatorio en comparación con radiografía inicial. Discusión Mediante la técnica de doble Endobutton® en las luxaciones de la AC de tipo V sin asociar una reconstrucción de ligamentos, obtuvimos el 46% de pérdida de reducción en el primer año postoperatorio. Por ello, concluimos que esta técnica presenta un alto porcentaje de pérdida de reducción en este tipo de lesiones. Nivel de evidencia clínica Nivel IV.

Background The acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries are common, accounting for 9% of all injuries to the shoulder girdle. The multitude of techniques describes and illustrates the fact that the ideal technique to treat a symptomatic AC joint dislocation remains to be found. Materials & methods From January 2011 to December 2013, 15 patients with acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation were surgically immobilized with the double Endobutton® technique without ligament reconstruction. All the patients had type V AC dislocations according to Allman-Rockwood classification. Among the patients, 12 patients were male and 3 patients were female, with an average age of 35 years (ranged from 22 to 56 years). The therapeutic effects were evaluated with postoperative X-ray, at 1, 3 and 12 months. Results From fifteen patients in this study, seven patient lost radiographic reduction during the first year of postoperative procedure compared with the first post-operative Rx. There were no other complications reported. Discussion We obtained with the double Endobutton® AC reduction without ligament reconstruction a 46% of loosening reduction in the first year. This technique has a high percentage of loss of reduction in this type of patient. Evidence level IV.

Resultados a corto plazo de la prótesis invertida de hombro según la patología / Short-term results of reverse shoulder prosthesis according to pathology

Objetivo: Analizar los resultados funcionales y las complicaciones a corto plazo de la prótesis invertida de hombro según diferentes patologías. Materiales y Métodos: Entre 2009 y 2013, se colocaron 85 prótesis invertidas de hombro. Las indicaciones fueron: artropatía por ruptura del manguito rotador, artrosis glenohumeral, fracturas de húmero proximal y artroplastias de revisión. Se evaluó a los pacientes clínica y radiológicamente, y fueron analizados según los diferentes grupos. Resultados: El seguimiento promedio fue de 42 meses (rango 26-60) y la media de la edad, de 74.5 años (rango 56-90). El puntaje de Constant mejoró de 16,7 a 62,1 en promedio (p <0,001) y el de ASES, de 12,7 a 68,8 en promedio (p <0,001). La elevación aumentó de 80,5° a 111,5° (p <0,001). No hubo mejoría significativa en las rotaciones interna ni externa. Sesenta pacientes (78,9%) refirieron estar muy satisfechos/satisfechos. En 22 pacientes (27,8%), se hallaron muescas en el borde inferior de la glena. La tasa de complicaciones fue del 20%, y estas fueron más frecuentes en el grupo de fracturas y artroplastias de revisión. Conclusiones: La prótesis invertida de hombro mejora significativamente los puntajes funcionales, la flexión anterior y la abducción, independientemente de la indicación quirúrgica. Presenta limitaciones con respecto a las rotaciones externa e interna en el posoperatorio. Es una alternativa válida en múltiples patologías de hombro; sin embargo, la tasa de complicaciones es elevada, por lo que su indicación debe ser precisa, especialmente en pacientes tratados por fracturas o en cirugías de revisión. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the short-term functional results and complications of the reverse shoulder prosthesis according to different etiologies. Methods: Between 2009 and 2013, 85 reverse shoulder arthroplasties were performed. Surgical indications included: rotator cuff tear artropathy, glenohumeral osteoarthritis, proximal humeral fractures and revision arthroplasty. Patients were clinically and radiologically evaluated and analyzed in different groups. Results: The mean follow-up was 42 months (range 26-60) and the mean age was 74.5 years (range 56-90). Constant score improved from 16.7 to 62.1 on average (p<.001) while ASES score improved from 12.7 to 68.8 on average (p<.001). Elevation increased from 80.5° to 111.5° (p<.001). There was no significant improvement in internal and external rotation. Sixty patients (78.9%) were very satisfied/satisfied. A total of 22 patients (27.8%) had notches in the inferior rim of the glenoid. Complication rate was 20%, being more frequent in the group of fractures and revision arthroplasties. Conclusions: The reverse shoulder arthroplasty significantly improved functional scores, anterior flexion and abduction, regardless of surgical indication. It has limitations with respect to the external and internal rotation postoperatively. It is a valid alternative in multiple shoulder conditions; however, complication rate is high, so the indication should be accurate, especially in patients treated for fractures or in revision surgeries. Level of Evidence: IV

Arthroscopic Stabilization After a First-Time Dislocation: Collision Versus Contact Athletes.

BACKGROUND: There is no universally accepted definition of "contact" or "collision" sports in the literature. The few available studies evaluating contact and collision sports consider them to be synonymous. However, athletes in collision sports purposely hit or collide with each other or with inanimate objects with greater force and frequency than in contact sports, which could jeopardize functional outcomes. PURPOSE: To compare the functional outcomes, return to sports, and recurrences in a series of contact and collision athletes with a first-time anterior shoulder dislocation treated using arthroscopic stabilization with suture anchors. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: A total of 56 athletes were enrolled in this study, including 22 contact athletes and 34 collision athletes. All athletes underwent arthroscopic shoulder stabilization using suture anchors. Range of motion, the Rowe score, a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and the Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System (ASOSS) were used to assess functional outcomes. Return to sports and recurrences were also evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age at the time of surgery was 22.2 years, and the mean follow-up was 62.4 months (range, 36-94 months). No significant difference in shoulder motion was found between preoperative and postoperative results or between the contact and collision groups. The Rowe, VAS, and ASOSS scores showed statistical improvement in both groups after surgery (P = .001). Patients in the contact group returned to sports significantly faster than those in the collision group (5.2 vs 6.9 months, respectively; P = .01). In all, 43 athletes (76.8%) returned to near-preinjury sports activity levels (≥90% recovery) after surgery: 86.4% of patients in the contact group and 70.6% in the collision group (P = .04). The total recurrence rate was 8.9%. There were 5 recurrences (14.7%) in the collision group and no recurrences in the contact group (P < .01). CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic stabilization for anterior instability of the shoulder is a reliable procedure with respect to shoulder function, range of motion, and postoperative return to sports in contact and collision athletes. Compared with the contact group (0%), the collision group yielded a higher failure rate (14.7%). Moreover, patients in the contact group returned significantly faster (5.2 vs 6.9 months, respectively) and to and more returned to preinjury or near-preinjury activity levels (86.4% vs 70.6% of patients, respectively) than patients in the collision group.

Return to Sports and Recurrences After Arthroscopic Anterior Shoulder Stabilization in Martial Arts Athletes.

BACKGROUND: The high demands to the glenohumeral joint and the violent shoulder blows experienced during martial arts (MA) could compromise return to sports and increase the recurrence rate after arthroscopic stabilization for anterior shoulder instability in these athletes. PURPOSE: To report the functional outcomes, return to sports, and recurrences in a series of MA athletes with anterior shoulder instability treated with arthroscopic stabilization with suture anchors. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A total of 20 consecutive MA athletes were treated for anterior shoulder instability at a single institution between January 2008 and December 2013. Range of motion (ROM), the Rowe score, a visual analog scale (VAS), and the Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System (ASOSS) were used to assess functional outcomes. Return-to-sport and recurrence rates were also evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age at the time of surgery was 25.4 years (range, 18-35 years), and the mean follow-up was 71 months (range, 36-96 months). No significant difference in preoperative and postoperative shoulder ROM was found. The Rowe, VAS, and ASOSS scores showed statistical improvement after surgery (P < .001). In all, 19 athletes (95%) returned to sports. However, only 60% achieved ≥90% recovery after surgery. The recurrence rate was 20%. CONCLUSION: In this retrospective study of a consecutive cohort of MA athletes, arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization significantly improved functional scores. However, only 60% of the athletes achieved the same level of competition, and there was a 20% recurrence rate.

Arthroscopic in Situ Repair of Partial Bursal Rotator Cuff Tears Without Acromioplasty.

PURPOSE: To evaluate functional outcomes and complications in a consecutive group of patients with partial bursal rotator cuff tears (PBRCTs) treated with insitu repair without acromioplasty. METHODS: Seventy-four patients who had undergone an arthroscopic single row in situ repair for bursal-sided rotator cuff tears were evaluated. Clinical assessment consisted of glenohumeral range of motion measurement, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, and the University of California at Los Angeles score. Pain was recorded using a visual analog scale. Postoperative complications were also assessed. RESULTS: Mean age was 55.2 years (±6.3) with a minimum of 2-year follow-up. After arthroscopic repair, all active range of motion parameters improved significantly (P < .0001). The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores improved from 42.5 to 86.1; the University of California at Los Angeles scores improved from 15.8 to 31.4, and the visual analog scale scores improved from 6.6 to 0.7 (P < .0001). Only 3 patients developed a postoperative adhesive capsulitis that responded to physical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In the midterm follow-up (42 months), arthroscopic in situ repair of PBRCTs without acromioplasty is a reliable procedure that produces significant functional improvements and pain relief. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Minimally Invasive Double-Button Fixation of Displaced Lateral Clavicular Fractures in Athletes.

BACKGROUND: Early union and a rapid return to prior function are the priorities for young athletes with lateral clavicular fractures. Furthermore, it is essential to avoid nonunion in this subgroup of patients, as this is frequently associated with persistent pain, restriction of movement, and loss of strength and endurance of the shoulder. PURPOSE: To analyze the time to return to sport, functional outcomes, and complications in a group of athletes with displaced lateral clavicular fractures treated using closed reduction and minimally invasive double-button fixation. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A total of 21 athletes with displaced lateral clavicular fractures were treated with closed reduction and minimally invasive double-button fixation between March 2008 and October 2013. Patients completed a questionnaire focused on the time to return to sport and treatment course. Functional outcomes were assessed with the Constant score and the short version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) questionnaire. Pain was evaluated with the visual analog scale (VAS). Radiographs were reviewed to identify radiographic union, malunion, and nonunion. RESULTS: Of the 21 study patients, 20 returned to sport after treatment; 100% returned to the same level. The mean time to return to play was 78 days (range, 41-120 days). Four patients (20%) returned to sport less than 6 weeks after surgery, 14 (70%) returned between 6 and 12 weeks after surgery, and 2 (10%) returned after 12 weeks. The mean Constant score was 89.1 ± 4.2 (range, 79-100), the mean QuickDASH score was 0.4 ± 2.6 (range, 0-7.1), and the mean VAS pain score was 0.4 ± 1.0 (range, 0-3) at final follow-up (mean, 41 months). The only complication was asymptomatic nonunion. Hardware removal was not necessary in any patient. CONCLUSION: Closed reduction and minimally invasive double-button fixation of displaced lateral clavicular fractures in athletes was successful in terms of returning to the previous level of athletic activity regardless of the type of sport, with excellent clinical results and a low rate of complications.

Midterm Outcomes After Arthroscopic Anteroinferior Capsular Release for the Treatment of Idiophatic Adhesive Capsulitis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to report the early and midterm functional outcomes and complications of a consecutive series of patients with primary adhesive capsulitis who were treated with isolated anteroinferior arthroscopic capsular release after they did not respond to conservative treatment. METHODS: Thirty-two consecutive patients with idiopathic adhesive capsulitis who did not respond to conservative physiotherapy were included in the study. Arthroscopic anteroinferior capsular release was performed in all cases. The primary outcome was improvement in range of motion in the short- and midterm follow-up. We also evaluated pain relief with the visual analog scale, functional outcomes with the Constant-Murley score, and we registered postoperative complications. RESULTS: The mean age was 49.6 years (range, 33-68 years) and the mean follow-up was 63 months (range, 18-84). Overall, there was significant improvement in the Constant-Murley score from 42.4 to 86 points (P < .001). The visual analog scale decreased by approximately 6.3 points compared with the preoperative value (P < .001). All parameters improved significantly the first 6 months and then remained stable until the end of follow-up (P < .001). There was an additional minor improvement in both parameters between the sixth month and the final follow-up; however, this improvement was less than in the first 6 months and it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In patients who don't respond to conservative treatment for primary adhesive capsulitis, isolated anteroinferior capsular release provides a reliable improvement in pain and range of motion that is maintained in the mid-term follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic, case series study.

Return to Sports After Arthroscopic Treatment of Rotator Cuff Calcifications in Athletes.

BACKGROUND: Arthroscopic treatment of calcific deposits of rotator cuff tears has been described with successful results in the general population. However, despite the high frequency of this condition, there is no information in the literature regarding arthroscopic treatment of rotator cuff calcifications in athletes. PURPOSE: To analyze the time to return to sport, clinical outcomes, and complications of complete arthroscopic removal of intratendinous calcific deposits and repair of the tendon lesion without acromioplasty in athletes. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: This study retrospectively evaluated 24 consecutive patients with a mean age of 36.2 years. The mean follow-up was 59 months (range, 24-108 months). Patients completed a questionnaire focused on the time to return to sport and treatment course. Pre- and postoperative functional assessment was performed using the Constant score and University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) score. Pain was assessed by visual analog scale (VAS). Radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed to evaluate the recurrence of calcifications and the indemnity of the supraspinatus tendon repair. RESULTS: Of the 24 patients, 23 (95.8%) were able to return to sports; 91.3% returned to the same level. The mean time to return to play was 5.3 months (range, 3-9 months): 26% of patients (6/23) returned to sports in less than 4 months, 61% (14/24) returned between 4 and 6 months, and 13% (3/24) returned after the sixth month. The mean Constant score increased from 26.9 preoperatively to 89.7 postoperatively (P < .001), and the UCLA score increased from 17.3 preoperatively to 33.2 postoperatively (P < .001). Significant improvement was obtained for pain (mean VAS, 8.4 [before surgery] vs 0.6 [after]; P < .001). The overall majority (91.6%) of patients were satisfied with their result. MRI examination at last follow-up (79% of patients) showed no tendon tears. CONCLUSION: In athletes with calcifying tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon with failed nonoperative treatment, complete arthroscopic removal of calcific deposits and tendon repair without acromioplasty results in significant pain relief and improvement in functional outcomes. Most patients return to the same level of proficiency regardless of the type of sport and the level of competition before injury, with 91.6% of patients satisfied with their results.

Reconstrucción artroscópica de defectos posteriores glenoideos con injerto de cresta ilíaca. Reporte de un caso en decúbito lateral / Arthroscopic reconstruction of a posterior glenoid defect with iliac bone graft in lateral decubitus position. Case report

Se presenta una descripción detallada de la reconstrucción artroscópica de un defecto posterior de glena con injerto autólogo tricortical de cresta iliaca en la posición de decúbito lateral. A nuestro entender esto no se ha publicado previamente en la literatura. Se han descripto diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de la inestabilidad posterior recurrente de hombro. Algunas abordan los tejidos blandos como la capsulorrafia abierta o artroscópica, otras como las osteotomías glenoideas o la colocación de un injerto óseo posterior, abordan la anatomía ósea. Este trabajo muestra que la colocación artroscópica de un injerto óseo posterior es segura y reproducible. La misma permite el posicionamiento y la colocación adecuada del injerto y podría potencialmente reducir el riesgo de lesión de estructuras neurovasculares, las estructuras musculotendinosas posteriores y problemas cutáneos debido a la técnica mínimamente invasiva. Adicionalmente, los scores funcionales y el rango de movilidad mejoran rápidamente y el paciente pudo volver rápidamente a la competencia. Tipo de estudio: Reporte de Caso. Nivel de evidencia: V

In this case report we present a detailed description of an arthroscopic reconstruction of a posterior glenoid defect with iliac bone graft with the decubitus lateral position. To our knowledge this was not previously reported. Various surgical techniques have been described for the treatment of recurrent posterior shoulder instability. Some address the soft tissues, such as open or arthroscopic capsulorrhaphy, others, such as glenoid osteotomy and the posterior bone graft procedure, address the bony anatomy. Placement of a bone block on the posterior glenoid rim increases the posterior glenoid surface and improves stability. This study shows that arthroscopic posterior bone graft procedure is safe and reproducible. It allows accurate positioning and healing of the posterior bone block, and it could potentially reduce the risk of injury of neurovascular structures, the posterior musculotendinous structures, and skin problems due to the minimally invasive technique. Further, functional scores and ROM improved quickly and the patient was able to rapidly return to competitive sports. Type of study: Case report. Level of evidence: V

Arthroscopic Transtendon Repair of Partial-Thickness Articular-Side Rotator Cuff Tears.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes and complications in a series of patients with painful partial articular cuff tears treated with the arthroscopic transtendinous repair with a minimum 2-year follow-up. METHODS: Eighty patients with a mean age of 51 ± 5.4 years who had undergone an arthroscopic transtendon repair for a painful articular-sided rotator cuff tear with a minimum of 2-year follow-up were contacted. Clinical outcomes using a patient-based questionnaire, the University of California at Los Angeles score, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, and the visual analog scale were evaluated. Postoperative complications were also assessed. RESULTS: After arthroscopic repair, the University of California at Los Angeles scores improved from 13.6 to 31.5; the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores improved from 44.4 to 76.1; and the visual analog scale scores improved from 6.3 to 1.3 (P < .0001). A total of 92.5% of patients were satisfied with their results. Only 5 patients developed a postoperative adhesive capsulitis that responded favorably to physical therapy. Eleven patients had concurrent procedures performed at the time of surgery. We found no difference between these patients and those who had an isolated tendon repair. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic transtendon repair of partial-thickness articular-side rotator cuff tears is a reliable procedure that can be expected to produce satisfactory functional improvements and pain relief in most patients with a low rate of complications in the midterm follow-up. Concurrent procedures performed at the time of supraspinatus repair do not change functional outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Ganglión espino-glenoideo: descompresión y reparación labral artroscópica: resultados funcionales e imagenológicos / Spinoglenoid cyst: decompression and arthroscopic labral repair: functional and imaging results

Introducción: El ganglión espinoglenoideo puede ser causa de la compresión extrínseca del nervio supraescapular produciendo dolor posterior en el hombro y déficit en la rotación externa sostenida. Varios estudios demuestran la prevalencia de la lesión del labrum asociado a esta patología, esta funciona como válvula, produciendo la salida de líquido sinovial hacia los tejidos secundario al aumento de presión intra articular. Nuestro objetivo es evaluar los resultados funcionales e imagenológicos de la descompresión artroscópica del quiste espinoglenoideo con reparación labral asociada. Materiales y Métodos: Entre 2005 y 2013 se evaluaron retrospectivamente 21 pacientes con síndrome de compresión del nervio supraescapular por la presencia de un ganglion espinoglenoideo. En 10 de ellos estaba involucrado el lado hábil. Presentaban dolor posterior con resonancia diagnóstica y ausencia de respuesta al tratamiento conservador. A la totalidad de estos pacientes se les realizó descompresión y reparación labral artroscópica por el mismo cirujano. Fueron estudiados con escalas funcionales (Rowe y Constant) y resonancia magnética pre y post operatoria analizando diámetro del quiste, recidiva e infiltración grasa (Goutallier). Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 39,19 años (19-60 años), todos masculinos. La resolución completa del quiste se evidenció en 20 pacientes. Con La escala de Rowe se obtuvo un resultado final promedio de 97,86 (pre 87,39; P=<0.001) y un Constant promedio de 89,95 (pre 66,24; P=<0.001). Ningún paciente tuvo recidiva, se observó en un paciente quiste residual con diámetro de 1,3 cm sin sintomatología (escalas pre y postoperatorias: Rowe 80/95, Constant 59/90). Conclusión: La descompresión artroscópica del ganglión espinoglenoideo asociado a reparación del labrum es un método efectivo para mejorar la sintomatología en pacientes que no responden al tratamiento conservador.

Introduction: The spinoglenoid cyst may cause extrinsic compression of the suprascapular nerve producing posterior shoulder pain and deficit in sustained external rotation. Several studies have shown the prevalence of labral injury associated with this disease, this functions as a valve, causing the output of synovial fluid into the tissues secondary to increased intra articular pressure. Our objective is to evaluate the functional and imaging results of arthroscopic spinoglenoid cyst decompression associated with labral repair. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed 21 patients treated in our Hospital, from 2005 to 2013. All of them presented dorsal shoulder pain, a diagnostic resonance and lack of response to conservative treatment. All underwent arthroscopic labral repair with decompression by the same surgeon. We evaluated them by functional scales (Rowe and Constant) and magnetic resonance analyzing pre- and postoperative diameter of cyst, its recurrence and fatty infiltration of the infraspinatus muscle (Goutallier). Results: The average age was 39.19 years (19-60 years), all male. Complete resolution of the cyst was observed in 20 patients. Avarage posoperative Constant score was 89.95 (pre 66.24; P = <0.001); avarage Rowe scale posoperative score was 97.86 (P=<0.001 pre 87.39). No patient experienced recurrence and there was an asymptomatic patient with a 1.3 wide residual cyst diameter (final scales: Rowe 95 Constant 90). Conclusion: Arthroscopic spinoglenoid cyst decompression associated with labral repair is an effective method of improving symptoms in patients who do not respond to conservative treatment.