ABSTRACT
A mating disruption approach using high densities of pheromone dispensers, has been recently proposed for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busck.), (Lepidoptera Tortricidae), control. Ecodian Star dispensers, made of low-cost biodegradable material and easy to apply, were formulated with 10 mg of codlemone (E8,E10-12OH) and 10 mg of grapamone (Z8-12OH) and placed at a rate of 1,400-2,000 dispensers/ha. The pheromone release rates from new and field aged dispensers were evaluated by hexane extraction of the residual attractant (indirectly) and gas-chromatographic analysis. The release rate of field-aged dispensers decreased over time with a good linearity; they released a significant amount of synthetic sex pheromones over the entire season. Dispensers elicited close-range approaches of codling moth males in wind tunnel irrespective of their age. Field trials carried out from 2003 to 2004 confirmed the efficacy of Ecodian Star dispensers for codling moth and oriental fruit moth control, regardless the size of the treated area. Our results demonstrate that Ecodian dispensers achieved a good level of activity and longevity over the season. The potential of this strategy for the control of the moths is discussed.
Subject(s)
Fruit/parasitology , Moths/physiology , Pest Control, Biological/methods , Sex Attractants/pharmacology , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Male , Malus/parasitology , Moths/growth & development , Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Time FactorsABSTRACT
A technique for Hall measurements under truly hydrostatic pressures to 40 kilobars is described. The method employs the piston-cylinder apparatus with a Teflon cell to contain a suitable fluid. The necessary magnetic field is generated by a coil placed inside the cell. Hall data can be obtained over the full pressure range, at temperatures from 150 to 300 K. Results for an Al(x)Ga(1-x)As sample are presented as an example.
