ABSTRACT
With devastating increase in population there is a great necessity to increase crop productivity of staple crops but the productivity is greatly affected by various abiotic stress factors such as drought, salinity. An attempt has been made a brief account on abiotic stress resistance of major cereal crops viz. In spite of good successes obtained on physiological and use molecular biology, the benefits of this high cost technology are beyond the reach of developing countries. This review discusses several morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of major cereal crops related to the adaptation of these crop to abiotic stress factors. It discusses the effect of abiotic stresses on physiological processes such as flowering, grain filling and maturation and plant metabolisms viz. photosynthesis, enzyme activity, mineral nutrition, and respiration. Though significant progress has been attained on the physiological, biochemical basis of resistance to abiotic stress factors, very little progress has been achieved to increase productivity under sustainable agriculture. Therefore, there is a great necessity of inter-disciplinary research to address this issue and to evolve efficient technology and its transfer to the farmers' fields.
Subject(s)
Edible Grain/physiology , Adaptation, Physiological , Brassinosteroids , Crops, Agricultural , Edible Grain/classification , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolismABSTRACT
Four commercial plant-growth (Biofol, Biozyme, Cytokin and Activol) and an extract from algae (AlgaEnzims) were applied at commercial doses in potatoes (S. tuberosum L. var. gigant) with and objective to evaluate its effect on nutritional value (dry-matter, water content, ashes, fat, protein, carbohydrates and assimilable fiber). These parameters were analyzed according to the Official Methods of Analysis (AOAC). The experimental design was in Random Blocks with 8 treatments and 4 replications with 32 lots in total. The statistical analysis was after Random Blocks for all bromatological analyses. The treatment algae in soil gave the highest ash content (6.20). Algae in soil (9.30), algae on foliage (8.90) and Cytokin (8.70) gave the highest values in protein as compared with test (6.20). Carbohydrate content was highest in Biofol (88.21), assimilable fiber was higher in algae in soil and on foliage (5.84) and lowest with Biofol (1.67). Highest fat content in the tuber was obtained with Biozyme and Cytokin and highest protein content with AlgaEnzims. With Activol the highest tuber production is obtained.
Subject(s)
Crops, Agricultural , Eukaryota , Plant Extracts , Plant Growth Regulators , Solanum tuberosum , Nutritive Value , Solanum tuberosum/chemistryABSTRACT
Cuatro reguladores comerciales (Biofol, Biozyme, Cytokin y Activol) y un extracto de algas (AlgaEnzims) se aplicaron en las dosis recomendadas, sobre un cultivo de papa (S.tuberosum L.var gigant) con el objeto de evaluar su objeto sobre el valor nutricional (materia seca, humedad, ceniza, grasa, proteína, carbohidratos y fibra dietética). Dichos parámetros fueron analizados de acuerdo al official methods of analysis (AOAC). El diseño experimental consistió en bloques al azar con 8 tratamientos y 4 repeticiones de 32 parcelas. El análisis de varianza muestra diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos para todas las variables bromatológicas. El mayor contenido de ceniza (6,20) se presentó con el tratamiento AlgaEnzims-suelo. Los tratamientos AlgaEnzims-suelo (9,30), AgaEnzims-follaje (8.90) y Cytokin (8.70) dieron valores más altos de proteína comparados con el testigo (6,20). el contenido de carbohidratos fue más alto con Biofol (88,21). La fibra dietética fue más alta en el tratamiento AlgaEnzims-suelo-follage (5,84) y más baja en Biofol (1,67). Con Biozyme y Cytokin se obtuvieron los mayores contenidos de grasa en tubérculos. Con activol se obtuvo el mejor peso de tubérculos y con AlgaEnzims-suelo el contenido de proteínas más alto
Subject(s)
Eukaryota , Solanum tuberosum , Mexico , Nutritional SciencesABSTRACT
Nutritional and chemical parameters with significant differences (P = 0.5) among 10 varieties of sorghum and rates observed in them were as follow: lipids (2.76 to 3.75%), raw fiber (60.0 to 64.7%) protein (9.01 to 11.43%), no nitrogen extract 977.65 to 83.07%), starch (60.5 to 64.20%), tannin (2.50 to 10.16 mg/g), and total calories (380 to 4000 Kcal). Ash content with value of 1.17 to 1.91% protein digestibility (23.8 to 38.8%) and "in situ" starch (54.4 to 66.6%) were not statistically different. When correlation indexes were determined between results of chemical analysis, it was obtained follow positive correlation having significance: carbohydrates with total calories and fat with fiber. The main negative correlations were: fat and fiber with carbohydrates, fiber with calories, and digestibility "In vitro" of protein with tannin. In order to obtain equivalent analytical tests to substitute an anatomic determination for a chemical one, or vice versa, and make easy the selection of varieties for different use, and the adequate process for sorghum grain, were obtained correlations between chemical data of this study and compared to anatomic features determined in a previous analysis with same samples (1), it was found 19 significant coefficients from which 8 were positives and 11 negatives. The main correlations with capacity of analytical substitution were: size of starch grain of cornea endosperm-starch amount; size of protein body of flour-like endosperm-digestibility "in vitro" and "in situ" of protein; length of cell of flour like endosperm-starch amount; length and broad of aleurona cells-fiber content. The major negative correlations were: size of starch grain of cornea and flour-like endosperm ash; size of protein body of cornea endosper-starch amount; length and broad of aleurona cells-carbohydrates and total calories.