Normal sonographic measurements for kidney dimensions in Saudi adult population: A cross-sectional prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The use of ultrasound-based measurements to determine renal size has proven valuable in the diagnosis of renal function and associated disorders. The dimensions of the abdominal organs are affected by an individual's body age, height, sex, and weight. The objective of this study was to establish the standard sonographic parameters for renal dimensions and to determine the correlation between body measurements and renal dimensions in a population of healthy adults residing in Jazan City, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: The present study was a prospective study conducted at a single center located in Jazan City from February to August 2022. Ninety-five participants underwent abdominal ultrasonography. The process of measuring renal size through sonography entails the measurement of various dimensions of the kidney, such as renal length, width, and thickness. The demographic information of the participants, including their sex, age, height, and weight, was documented. All analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v27 software. RESULTS: The dimensions of the right kidney, specifically the length, width, and thickness, had mean value of 9.79 centimeters (cm), 5.09 cm, and 4.10 cm, respectively. The left kidney had mean dimensions of 10.1 cm, 5.09 cm, and 4.10 cm for length, width, and thickness, respectively. The left kidney was larger than the right kidney. Furthermore, male participants exhibited larger kidney measurements than their female counterparts did. A noteworthy positive correlation was observed between the thickness of the left kidney and sex, whereas no significant correlations were found with age, weight, or height. CONCLUSION: The current study revealed that the kidney dimensions were observed to be larger in males as compared to females. The research findings indicate that there is no significant correlation between kidney dimensions and various demographic factors, such as age, height, weight, and sex. In addition, this study provides reference tables for further use.

Understanding Breast Cancer Awareness, Perceptions, and Screening Practices Among the Population of Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND:  Breast cancer represents a significant global health challenge, with Saudi Arabia experiencing high incidence rates, particularly among females. Early detection through screening methods such as mammography and breast self-examination offers promise in reducing mortality rates. However, participation in screening remains suboptimal, posing a barrier to effective cancer control. In regions like Jazan, situated in southwestern Saudi Arabia, comprehensive studies on breast cancer awareness and screening practices are lacking. METHODS: This cross-sectional study conducted in Jazan, Saudi Arabia, aimed to comprehensively assess breast cancer awareness, perceptions, and screening practices among the local population. An online survey platform was utilized to reach individuals aged 18 years or older residing in Jazan. Recruitment efforts utilized social media platforms, community networks, and local organizations to ensure diverse representation across socioeconomic backgrounds, education levels, and geographical locations. A meticulously designed questionnaire captured demographic information, breast cancer awareness, knowledge, health-seeking behaviors, screening practices, and barriers to mammogram screening. Participants provided electronic informed consent before self-administering the questionnaire. RESULTS:  The study conducted in Jazan, Saudi Arabia, encompassed 533 participants, predominantly young to middle-aged individuals. Most participants were Saudi nationals (97.6%), employed in the government sector (55.7%), and resided in urban areas (61.0%). Awareness of breast cancer was high, with 98.1% having heard of the disease. However, perceptions of age of onset and prevalence varied. While participants showed varied awareness of breast cancer warning signs and risk factors, family history was a commonly agreed-upon risk factor (54.4%). Health-seeking behavior for breast cancer symptoms varied, with nipple changes prompting the most immediate medical attention (36.4%). Although most participants were aware of self-breast examination (84.6%) and mammograms (56.7%), utilization rates were suboptimal, with barriers including fear (79.7%) and embarrassment (71.5%) hindering mammogram screening uptake. CONCLUSION:  This study provides insights into breast cancer awareness and screening practices among participants in Saudi Arabia. While awareness of breast self-examination and mammography is high, disparities in screening service access persist due to barriers like fear and embarrassment. Addressing these barriers through culturally sensitive interventions and collaborative efforts is crucial for enhancing screening uptake and promoting health equity.

The role of molecular imaging in detecting fibrosis in Crohn's disease.

Fibrosis is a pathological process that occurs due to chronic inflammation, leading to the proliferation of fibroblasts and the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). The process of long-term fibrosis initiates with tissue hypofunction and progressively culminates in the ultimate manifestation of organ failure. Intestinal fibrosis is a significant complication of Crohn's disease (CD) that can result in persistent luminal narrowing and strictures, which are difficult to reverse. In recent years, there have been significant advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Significant progress has been achieved in the fields of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of intestinal fibrosis in the last few years. A significant amount of research has also been conducted in the field of biomarkers for the prediction or detection of intestinal fibrosis, including novel cross-sectional imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Molecular imaging represents a promising biomedical approach that enables the non-invasive visualization of cellular and subcellular processes. Molecular imaging has the potential to be employed for early detection, disease staging, and prognostication in addition to assessing disease activity and treatment response in IBD. Molecular imaging methods also have a potential role to enabling minimally invasive assessment of intestinal fibrosis. This review discusses the role of molecular imaging in combination of AI in detecting CD fibrosis.

Sonographic Assessment of Renal Transplantation in Adult Saudi Patients: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study.

Kidney transplantation stands as a practical and cost-effective treatment option for end-stage renal disease patients, offering an improved quality of life with reduced morbidity when compared with hemodialysis. To evaluate the status of transplanted kidneys in Saudi patients, we conducted a retrospective single-center study at Jazan, Saudi Arabia, involving 46 adult renal recipients enrolled randomly from 2015 to December 2022. Using high-frequency ultrasound, we performed Duplex ultrasound examinations to assess renal allografts. The study revealed that the renal grafts exhibited normal length, with preserved cortical medullary differentiation (CMD) in 84.8% of cases and poor CMD in 15.2%. The echogenicity of the grafts remained normal in 69.6% of instances. Interestingly, we observed a significant rise in resistance index values as the graft duration increased (P = .04), whereas patients with abnormal creatinine levels displayed decreased peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity. Notably, sonographic graft assessments unveiled complications, including perinephric fluid accumulation (8.7%), simple renal cysts (10.86%), hydronephrosis (8.7%), and one case of graft rejection. Receiver operating characteristics analysis for serum blood creatinine levels and abnormal parenchymal findings yielded fair to poor predictive accuracy, with varying sensitivity and specificity measures that lacked statistical significance. In conclusion, our study revealed that most Saudi renal transplant recipients exhibited grafts with normal echogenicity, preserved CMD, and limited perinephric fluid. This investigation provides valuable insights into sonographic changes and Doppler parameters of renal grafts, potentially aiding in the early detection of graft rejection and facilitating diagnostic and therapeutic planning.

Differences in brain volume and thickness in patients with pulmonary or spine tuberculosis (TB) compared to non-TB individuals: A cross-sectional retrospective study.

Introduction: There is evidence showing that central nervous system TB (CNS-TB) causes meningitis, pachymeningitis, tuberculomas, and granulomas. However, the impact of pulmonary or spine TB on brain morphology and thickness is yet to be documented. TB is associated with increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers in specific brain regions. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to compare cortical-brain volume and thickness between patients with pulmonary or spine TB and non-TB individuals and investigate the association between inflammatory biomarkers and brain volume or thickness among patients with pulmonary or spine TB. Methods: Participants ranging in age from 18 to 65 years (23 TB patients and 50 healthy controls), who were scanned using 1.5-T MRI at Jazan Hospital, were compared in terms of brain volumes and thicknesses. Brain volume and thickness were measured using FreeSurfer. Results: There were significant differences in the volumes of the bilateral and total amygdala and accumbens areas, right hippocampus and cerebellum, and CSF, and in the thickness of the right pericalcarine area between patients with pulmonary or spine TB and healthy controls. We also found significant associations between inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, WBC, and platelets) and brain volume but not thickness in patients with TB, p < .05. Conclusions: This study is the first to show that pulmonary or spine TB reduces brain size and thickness and suggests that TB may be better understood by considering the correlation between inflammatory biomarkers and brain volumes.

Radiologists' and Radiographers' Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging in Saudi Arabia.

INTRODUCTION: Artificial intelligence (AI) in medical imaging rapidly expands regarding image processing and interpretation. Therefore, the aim was to explore radiographers' and radiologists' perceptions and attitudes towards AI use in medical imaging technologies in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: The survey was distributed online, and responses were collected from 173 participants nationwide. Data analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics (version 27). RESULTS: The participants scored an average of 1.7, 1.6, and 1.8 on a scale of 1-3 for attitudinal perspectives on clinical application and the positive and negative impact of integrating AI technology in diagnostic radiology. Lack of knowledge (43.9%) and perceived cyber threats (37.7%) were the most cited factors hindering AI implementation in Saudi Arabia. CONCLUSION: The radiographradiology radiologists in this study had a favorable attitude toward AI integration in diagnostic radiology; nonetheless, concerns were raised about data protection, cyber security, AI-related errors, and decision-making challenges.

A Systematic Review of the Relationship between Chest CT Severity Score and Laboratory Findings and Clinical Parameters in COVID-19 Pneumonia.

The COVID-19 virus has infected millions of people and became a global pandemic in 2020. The efficacy of laboratory and clinical parameters in the diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19 has been established. The CT scan has been identified as a crucial tool in the prognostication of COVID-19 pneumonia. Moreover, it has been proposed that the CT severity score can be utilized for the diagnosis and prognostication of COVID-19 disease severity and exhibits a correlation with laboratory findings such as inflammatory markers, blood glucose levels, and clinical parameters such as endotracheal intubation, oxygen saturation, mortality, and hospital admissions. Nevertheless, the correlation between the CT severity score and clinical or laboratory parameters has not been firmly established. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of the aforementioned association. This review used a systematic approach to collate and assess the existing literature that investigates the correlation between CT severity score and laboratory and clinical parameters. The search was conducted using Embase Ovid, MEDLINE Ovid, and PubMed databases, covering the period from inception to 20 May 2023. This review identified 20 studies involving more than 8000 participants of varying designs. The findings showed that the CT severity score is positively associated with laboratory and clinical parameters in COVID-19 patients. The findings indicate that the CT severity score exhibits a satisfactory level of prognostic accuracy in predicting mortality among patients with COVID-19.

A Systematic Review of PET Contrasted with MRI for Detecting Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis in Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases.

There has not been extensive research into crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) in neurodegenerative disorders. CCD is frequently detected using positron emission tomography (PET). However, advanced MRI techniques have come forth for the detection of CCD. The correct diagnosis of CCD is crucial for the care of neurological patients and those with neurodegenerative conditions. The purpose of this study is to determine whether PET can offer extra value over MRI or an advanced technique in MRI for detecting CCD in neurological conditions. We searched three main electronic databases from 1980 until the present and included only English and peer-reviewed journal articles. Eight articles involving 1246 participants met the inclusion criteria, six of which used PET imaging while the other two used MRI and hybrid imaging. The findings in PET studies showed decreased cerebral metabolism in the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices, as on the opposite side of the cerebellar cortex. However, the findings in MRI studies showed decreased cerebellar volumes. This study concludes that PET is a common, accurate, and sensitive technique for detecting both crossed cerebellar and uncrossed basal ganglia as well as thalamic diaschisis in neurodegenerative diseases, while MRI is better for measuring brain volume. This study suggests that PET has a higher diagnostic value for diagnosing CCD compared to MRI, and that PET is a more valuable technique for predicting CCD.

A systemic review of rubidium-82 PET contrasted with 99mTc-MIBI SPECT for imaging coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: 99mTc-sestamibi single photon emission tomography (SPECT) method is widely used for imaging coronary artery disease (CAD). 82-Rubidium-PET is an alternative method that can be used to perform the same purpose. PURPOSE/AIM: This study aims to determine whether 82-Rubidium-PET can offer extra value over 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT in imaging CAD. METHODS: To achieve the study aim, a systematic review of the literature for the 2 tracers were conducted. The aim of the systemic review was to find every related previous study that corresponded to well-defined scientific criteria. The analysis of the results was restricted to peer-reviewed papers in order to avoid any selective outcome reports. Besides, extra analysis was carried out to curb or avoid any ascertainment bias. The qualified studies selected for this research were then assessed for the risk of bias. Furthermore, the details of the methods were rechecked to ensure that they were comparable, before synthesizing the results. RESULTS: Eighteen original studies were selected and included in the final analysis out of 803 articles identified at the initial research. Overall, the mean value of sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of CAD was 84.3% and 75.4%, respectively for technetium 99m sestamibi (99mTc-MIBI). On the other hand, for 82-Rubidium-PET, the mean value of sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of CAD was 81% and 81%, respectively. The accuracy of diagnostics of these imaging modalities was dependent on the radiotracers and stress agent used in these studies, with 99mTc-MIBI achieving the highest diagnostic value. CONCLUSION: This study concludes that 99mTc-MIBI-SPECT has higher diagnostic value for diagnosing CAD compared to 82-Rubidium-PET. This indicates that 99mTc-MIBI-SPECT is a more valuable technique for predicting CAD. Besides, for the stress agents used to stimulate the heart and increase workload, this research/study recommends the use of adenosine for the SPECT and the use of dipyridamole for positron emission tomography. However, it suggests the need for more systemic and theoretical studies to assess the real value of 82-Rubidium-PET and the value of stress agents.

Knowledge and Factors Associated with Breast Cancer Self-Screening Intention among Saudi Female College Students: Utilization of the Health Belief Model.

Breast cancer (BC) screening is vital, as it is linked to a greater likelihood of survival, more effective treatment, and better quality of life. One of the most extensively applied models for conceptualizing probable barriers and facilitators to the adoption of desired health behavior is the health belief model (HBM). This study aimed to assess the impact of health perception and knowledge on breast self-examination intention (BSE) using HBM. HBM measures specific factors (perceived susceptibility, severity, barriers, benefits, cues to action, and self-efficacy) that impact one's intention to use BSE. Data were collected from female undergraduate students (n = 680) using a cross-sectional design, stratified simple random sampling, and a self-administered structured online questionnaire. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate our assumptions for students who intended to self-examine for BC. For demographic factors, we modified the multivariate model. Most respondents (93%) were under the age of 24 years. Female students from health colleges (48.5%), in their fourth academic year (42.6%), and from the southern region (57.6%) accounted for the majority of the sample. Respondents with a family history of BC were 9.7% of the total. Categories for age, college, region, residency, and BSE intention showed significant differences in their average knowledge scores. The survey revealed that 72.4% were aware of abnormal breast changes. Three constructs of the health belief model (perceived benefit, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy) are good predictors of BSE intention. Theory-based behavioral change interventions are urgently required for students to improve their prevention practices. Furthermore, these interventions will be effective if they are designed to remove barriers to BSE intention, improve female students' self-efficacy, and enlighten them on the benefits of self-examination.

Radiographers' awareness level of MRI-induced vertigo and their perspectives on the post-examination care provided to patients in Saudi Arabia.

INTRODUCTION: Vertigo has been reported by operators and patients during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations and found to increase in severity as the strength of the scanner magnet increases. This study examined a cohort of MRI radiographers' awareness of MRI-induced vertigo and their perspectives on post-MRI care. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used a web-based survey distributed to 110 radiographers. The 18-item survey included questions to elicit demographic information, MRI radiographers' awareness of MRI-induced vertigo, and their perspectives on the post-MRI care that should be provided to patients. Responses were collected between June 2021 and January 2022. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS, version 27. RESULTS: A total of 110 MRI radiographers completed the survey. Participants were predominantly male (64.5 %) and working in public practice (91.8 %). Almost all the radiographers were aware of MRI-induced vertigo. About two-thirds of participants knew patients needed assistance off the couch. Nearly all participants knew patients should be asked about their experience with MRI-induced vertigo after their procedures. There were statistically significant associations between the size of magnetic field strength used by the participants and their appreciation of the needed support for patients post-MRI examinations (p= 0.012). CONCLUSION: This study provides the first insight into Saudi Arabian MRI radiographers' awareness and perceptions of MRI-induced vertigo. Radiographers were largely aware of MRI-induced vertigo and the supportive care they were supposed to provide their patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The current study points to a need for training to expand awareness levels of MRI-induced vertigo among a few Saudi MRI radiographers.

Incidence of Gallbladder Stone Formation After Bariatric Surgery Using Ultrasound Imaging in the Southern Region of Saudi Arabia.

Background Bariatric surgery is performed for accomplishing weight loss, which can save patients from diseases associated with morbid obesity. However, rapid weight loss is one of the most important risk factors contributing to the formation of gallbladder stones. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of gallstone formation among patients in the southern region of Saudi Arabia who underwent bariatric surgery and to evaluate the association between several parameters and gallstone development in these patients. Methods A retrospective study was conducted including 57 patients who did not have gallstones in the preoperative abdominal ultrasound examinations. Demographic data, such as age and gender, were obtained along with other parameters like weight loss after surgery, and time elapsed between the surgery to post-surgery US examination. The findings of the US examinations were collected and analyzed. Data were analyzed to obtain descriptive and inferential statistics. A correlation matrix to investigate the dependence between variables was conducted. Results Patients in this study underwent either sleeve gastrectomy (87.7% [n = 50]) or gastric banding procedures (12.3% [n = 7]). The occurrence of cholecystectomy was 46% after sleeve gastrectomy and 71.1% after gastric band procedures. The majority of the patients (57.9%) lost weight after surgery in the range of 20 to 40 kg. The time elapses between the surgery to post-surgery ultrasonography examination varied among patients, where less than one year, one to three years, and three to six years accounted for 47.4%, 43.9%, and 8.8%, respectively. Gallstone formation after the surgery was found in 35 (61.4%) of the total cases. Among patients who developed gallbladder stones after bariatric surgery, 62.9%, 28.4%, and 8.6% were within less than one year, one to three years, and three to six years, respectively. The results suggest a statistically significant correlation betweengallstone formation and​​​ the time elapsed after the surgery (P = 0.008) and the type of bariatric surgery (P = 0.006). Conclusion The current study found that the overall incidence rate of gallbladder stones after bariatric surgery is 61.4%. The study assumed a possible higher incidence of gallbladder stones following bariatric surgery among the population in the southern region of Saudi Arabia compared to incidence rates reported in the literature. The type of bariatric surgery and the time elapsed after the surgery were found to be of value in predicting the formation of gallstones.

Amygdala and subregion volumes are associated with photoperiod and seasonal depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional study in the UK Biobank cohort.

Although seasonal changes in amygdala volume have been demonstrated in animals, seasonal differences in human amygdala subregion volumes have yet to be investigated. Amygdala volume has also been linked to depressed mood. Therefore, we hypothesised that differences in photoperiod would predict differences in amygdala or subregion volumes and that this association would be linked to depressed mood. 10,033 participants ranging in age from 45 to 79 years were scanned by MRI in a single location. Amygdala subregion volumes were obtained using automated processing and segmentation algorithms. A mediation analysis tested whether amygdala volume mediated the relationship between photoperiod and mood. Photoperiod was positively associated with total amygdala volume (p < .001). Multivariate (GLM) analyses revealed significant effects of photoperiod across all amygdala subregion volumes for both hemispheres (p < .001). Post hoc univariate regression analyses revealed significant associations of photoperiod with each amygdala subregion volume (p < .001). PLS showed the highest loadings of amygdala subregions in lateral nucleus, ABN, basal nucleus, CAT, PLN, AAA, central nucleus, cortical nucleus and medial nucleus for left hemisphere and ABN, lateral nucleus, CAT, PLN, cortical nucleus, AAA, central nucleus and medial nucleus for right hemisphere. There were no significant associations between photoperiod and mood nor between mood scores and amygdala volumes, and due to the lack of these associations, the mediation hypothesis was not supported. This study is the first to demonstrate an association between photoperiod and amygdala volume. These findings add to the evidence supporting the role of photoperiod on brain structural plasticity.

The value of chest X-ray and CT severity scoring systems in the diagnosis of COVID-19: A review.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a coronavirus family member known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The main laboratory test to confirm the quick diagnosis of COVID-19 infection is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based on nasal or throat swab sampling. A small percentage of false-negative RT-PCR results have been reported. The RT-PCR test has a sensitivity of 50-72%, which could be attributed to a low viral load in test specimens or laboratory errors. In contrast, chest CT has shown 56-98% of sensitivity in diagnosing COVID-19 at initial presentation and has been suggested to be useful in correcting false negatives from RT-PCR. Chest X-rays and CT scans have been proposed to predict COVID-19 disease severity by displaying the score of lung involvement and thus providing information about the diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19 infection. As a result, the current study provides a comprehensive overview of the utility of the severity score index using X-rays and CT scans in diagnosing patients with COVID-19 when compared to RT-PCR.

Sex differences in the association of photoperiod with hippocampal subfield volumes in older adults: A cross-sectional study in the UK Biobank cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Even though seasonal and sex-dependent changes in hippocampal and subfield volumes are well known in animals, little is known about changes in humans. We hypothesized that changes in photoperiod would predict changes in hippocampal subfield volumes and that this association would be different between females and males. METHODS: A total of 10,033 participants ranging in age from 45 to 79 years were scanned by MRI in a single location as part of the UK Biobank project. Hippocampal subfield volumes were obtained using automated processing and segmentation algorithms using the developmental version of the FreeSurfer v 6.0. Photoperiod was defined as the number of hours between sunrise and sunset on the day of scan. RESULTS: Photoperiod correlated positively with total hippocampal volume and all subfield volumes across participants as well as in each sex individually, with females showing greater seasonal variation in a majority of left subfield volumes compared with males. ANCOVAs revealed significant differences in rate of change in only left subiculum, CA-4, and GC-ML-DG between females and males. PLS showed highest loadings of hippocampal subfields in both females and males in GC-ML-DG, CA1, CA4, subiculum, and CA3 for left hemisphere and CA1, GC-ML-DG, CA4; subiculum and CA3 for right hemisphere in females; GC-ML-DG, CA1, subiculum, CA4 and CA3 for left hemisphere; CA1, GC-ML-DG, subiculum, CA4 and CA3 for right hemisphere in males. CONCLUSION: The influence of day length on hippocampal volume has implications for modeling age-related decline in memory in older adults, and sex differences suggest an important role for hormones in these effects.

Brainstem volume mediates seasonal variation in depressive symptoms: A cross sectional study in the UK Biobank cohort.

Seasonal differences in mood and depressive symptoms affect a large percentage of the general population, with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) representing the most common presentation. SAD affects up to 3% of the world's population, and it tends to be more predominant in females than males. The brainstem has been shown to be affected by photoperiodic changes, and that longer photoperiods are associated with higher neuronal density and decreased depressive-like behaviours. We predict that longer photoperiod days are associated with larger brainstem volumes and lower depressive scores, and that brainstem volume mediates the seasonality of depressive symptoms. Participants (N = 9289, 51.8% females and 48.1% males) ranging in age from 44 to 79 years were scanned by MRI at a single location. Photoperiod was found to be negatively correlated with low mood and anhedonia in females while photoperiod was found to be positively correlated with brainstem volumes. In females, whole brainstem, pons and medulla volumes individually mediated the relationship between photoperiod and both anhedonia and low mood, while midbrain volume mediated the relationship between photoperiod and anhedonia. No mediation effects were seen in males. Our study extends the understanding of the neurobiological factors that contribute to the pathophysiology of seasonal mood variations.