[ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF BLUEBERRY PASTE LIQBERRY® IN EXPERIMENTAL TYPE 2 DIABETES].

Due to the steady increase in the number of patients with diabetes mellitus, as well as the development of severe complications of this pathology, the search and development of safe methods of treatment and prevention of the disease is relevant. In this direction, it seems appropriate to study the therapeutic and prophylactic properties of blueberry paste made using a unique THD-technology of the company Liqberry®. The purpose - experimental study of the anti-inflammatory properties of high-dose blueberry paste Liqberry® in a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus in laboratory Wistar rats. The experiment was conducted on 30 female Wistar rats in a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2), which was induced by subcutaneous administration of protamine sulfate twice daily 1mg/kg for 15 days. Rats were divided into four groups: 1, intact (n=6); 2, model DM 2 (n=8); 3, DM 2 + 8 g/kg paste (n=8); and 4, DM 2 + 20 g/kg paste (n=8). The rats received Liqberry® blueberry paste daily in the morning one week after the start of the DM 2 simulation. The rats were killed on day 16 under thiopental anesthesia (20 mg/kg). Hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and leukocyte counts were determined in peripheral blood, and glucose levels and elastase activity were determined in serum. Simulation of DM 2 caused an increase in the blood glucose level and elastase activity, as well as in the level of stabular and segmented neutrophils by 40.6% against the background of a 14.5% decrease in the leucocyte count, 16.7% decrease in the monocyte count and 11.3% decrease in lymphocyte count, which indicates development of inflammation and decreased immunological reactivity in animals with DM 2. Administration of blueberry paste to rats with DM 2 effectively reduced blood glucose levels: a dose of 8 g/kg - by 15.9%, and a dose of 20 g/kg - by 21.2%. Also the 20 g/kg dose of the paste resulted in normalization of serum elastase activity and neutrophil counts in the blood of rats with DM 2. Blueberry paste in two doses increased the number of monocytes to normal levels and had no effect on the number of lymphocytes in the blood of animals with DM 2. The results of the study indicate a pronounced ability of bilberry paste to reduce glucose levels, inhibit the development of inflammation and prevent a decrease in immunological reactivity induced by the modeling of DM 2. The high dose of blueberry paste (20 g/kg) Liqberry® had a definite advantage.

TB stigma and its correlates among HIV-positive people who inject drugs in Ukraine.

BACKGROUND: TB is commonly stigmatized. Correlates of perceived TB stigma have not been assessed specifically among HIV-positive people who inject drugs (PWIDs). It is also unclear how perceived TB stigma intersects with other forms of stigma affecting this population. We aimed to evaluate perceived TB stigma, its correlates and its intersection with HIV and substance use stigma among HIV-positive PWIDs in Ukraine.METHODS: Among 191 participants at three sites across Ukraine, we assessed stigma scores, socio-demographic, behavioral and health-related variables by TB status (history of active TB infection, history of treatment for latent TB infection LTBI, no history of TB infection). We used self-reported history of LTBI treatment as a proxy for LTBI status. We used ordinary least squares to estimate factors associated with perceived TB stigma.RESULTS: Lower perceived TB stigma scores were associated with LTBI status (adjusted beta (aß) -0.2, 95% CI -0.3 to 0.0; P = 0.032). Higher perceived TB stigma scores were associated with higher substance use stigma scores (aß 0.1, 95% CI 0.0 to 0.2; P = 0.004). Depressive symptoms were common in this sample, although not significantly associated with TB status.CONCLUSION: History of LTBI treatment appears to impact beliefs about perceived TB stigma. Individuals who endorse higher substance use stigma are more likely to hold stigmatizing perceptions about people with TB. HIV-positive PWIDs with history of active TB infection or LTBI treatment commonly experience mental health distress. This stigma intersection needs further exploration in this population, including of its relation with mental health, to provide further insights for targeted interventions.

[COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LONG-TERM RESULTS OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF VENTRAL HERNIAS OF LOWER AND MEDIUM LOCALIZATION BY "SUBLAY" AND "TAPP" METHODS].

The aim of this study was comparing the long-term results of the quality of life, clinical picture, clinical and anatomical changes in the treatment of ventral hernias by various methods. In the period from 2013 to 2019, 405 patients were operated on, which were divided into 2 groups according to the method of surgical intervention - 254 patients operated on according to the TAPP method (110 men, 144 women), 151 patients were operated on according to the "sublay" method (72 men, 79 women). The results of the study showed that in many indicators (quality of life, clinical picture, clinical and anatomical changes in the area of the postoperative scar, its anatomical and functional state, features of regional blood circulation), performing TAPP using the developed technique of peritoneal dissection has undoubted advantages over other hernioplasty techniques.

[STATE PROCUREMENTS: STUDYING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL POLICIES IN TERMS OF PANDEMIC COVID-19].

This article aims to analyse the implementation of public procurement procedures in the context of national governments' fight against the COVID-19 pandemic and find solutions for adapting those public procurement procedures that are currently used in the healthcare sector to new challenges. For this above purpose, we have applied both theoretical methods such as analysis, synthesis, generalization, and empirical methods such as observation, etc. The research has yielded the following findings: 1) there are no one-size-fits-all solutions in the national governments' fight against the COVID-19 pandemic through the public procurement mechanism, except that national policies in this field intend to speed up the organisation of the public procurement procedures, which would shorten the time for the delivery of medical goods to healthcare facilities; 2) due to the current emergency conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, public procurements of medical supplies are taking place under the non-competitive procedure, i. e. with direct contracting of a specific vendor, which essentially increases corruption risks and allows for subjective decision making; 3) amid the increased corruption risks, there is a need to assign high priority to strengthening the public control (monitoring), as well as the governmental control over medical procurements; 4) saving of public funds as the underlying principle of some national public procurement systems becomes irrelevant in the face of such threats as the global COVID-19 pandemic; 5) it is quite difficult to speak of another principle - effective use of public funds - because we are now dealing with an emergency and the actors (both the government and the expert community) lack understanding of how things might potentially develop in the future. Thus, the authors offer the following solutions: 1) create temporary specialized bodies, with the cross-agency powers, at the national and regional levels, that would take on such functions as: coordination of procurements; needs analysis of particular areas in medical supplies; management of potential vendors. These measures may help make medical procurements as effective as possible in these current conditions; 2) develop special procedures (mechanisms), by national governments, for conducting checks of public procurements in the healthcare sector that are made as part of the response measures against the COVID-19 pandemic, because those check algorithms that are in place today cannot take into account the realities of this particular emergency situation and the conditions in which those procurements are made.

PERIPHERAL NERVE LESIONS AFTER A MECHANICALLY INDUCED LIMB ISCHEMIA.

The article describes the results of studying the changes in peripheral nerves of a limb after a mechanically induced ischemia. It assessed myelinated nerve fibers in sciatic and tibial nerves after 6 hours of ischemia, simulated by a tourniquet on the level of a tibial, knee, and a lower third of a femur. Fasciculi of the sciatic nerve have shown no changes in the density of nerve fibers in 5th, 15th, and 30th days after the simulated ischemia, but we revealed the deformed fibers with the different thickness of myelin sheath. In a tibial nerve, myelin loss and deformations occurred on the 5th and 15th day, and atrophy of nerve fibers - on the 15th and 30th days. Neurolemmocytes of the injured myelin nerve fibers demonstrate the signs of dystrophic processes and autophagy. After the insertion of platelet-rich plasma, concentrated bone marrow aspirate, and homogenized adipose tissue in the ischemically damaged muscles, not a significant difference appeared between the extent of damage to the nerve. Consequently, the structural signs of the damage to peripheral nerves depend more on the level of injury to a limb than on therapy with autologous cellular technologies.

Contribution of glia cells specifically astrocytes in the pathology of depression: immunohistochemical study in different brain areas.

BACKGROUND: The contribution of glial cells to the pathophysiology of depression is an emerging research purpose. This study investigated the deficits in glial cells, specifically astrocytes in various brain regions, after the development of depression and then after voluntary running in depressed rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five adult male Wistar rats aged 8-10 weeks were used in the study. A depression model was generated through a forced swimming programme; voluntary running was allowed on rat running wheels; and brain sections were taken from the hippocampus, dentate gyrus (DG), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and cerebellar cortex. After immunostaining with specific antibodies immuno-stain, the astrocytes, oligodendroglia and microglial cells were counted, and certain indices relating astrocytes to other glial cells were calculated. Astrocytic morphology was studied, and the optical density (OD) of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immuno-expression was measured in different groups. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, animals in the depression group exhibited significant decreases in the mean astrocyte count in all studied brain areas, significant decreases in GFAP OD values in all areas and significantly reduced values for all glial astrocyte indices in the hippocampus, DG and mPFC. Compared to the rats in the depression group, those in the depression/exercise group exhibited significantly elevated mean astrocyte and oligodendroglia counts in all studied areas, significantly elevated GFAP OD values in all studied areas, and non-significant differences in glial astrocyte indices in the hippocampus, mPFC and cerebellar cortex. CONCLUSION: Astrocytes, rather than other glia, constitute a basis for the development and/or relief of depression.

CORRELATION OF BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS WITH THE LEVEL OF KNEE JOINT DAMAGE IN THE MODEL OF THE POSTTRAUMATIC OSTEOARTHRITIS.

The aim of the study was to assess the dependence of blood biochemical parameters with the degree of osteoarthritis of the knee joint and therapy. In experiments, osteoarthritis was simulated in rabbits (n=25) and after 75 days changes in the level of peroxidation products, activity of leukocyte enzymes were studied and the results were compared with the degree of knee joint injury, as well as taking into account the application of a concentrate of bone marrow aspirate, mechanically homogenized adipose tissue and platelet rich plasma. Analysis of the results confirmed the assumption of a direct relationship between the level of peroxidation products (diene conjugates, TBA-reactive products, products of oxidative modification of proteins), ceruloplasmin, and proinflammatory activity of leukocytes (by the activity of elastase and myeloperoxidase) with the level of morphological changes in the articular cartilage, capsule and meniscus of the knee joint. Based on histological analysis, it was concluded that the application of a concentrate of bone marrow aspirate and homogenized adipose tissue activated the processes of reorganization and regeneration of the synovial membrane and menisci of the joint, which correlated with the indicators of myeloperoxidase activity, the level of TBA-reactive products and ceruloplasmin. The action of platelet rich plasma was characterized by a correlation between leukocyte enzymes and lipid and protein oxidation products in blood serum. The results of the study suggest that the bone marrow aspirate concentrate has a greater therapeutic potential compaired to the platelet rich plasma and cell suspension obtained from adipose tissue.

AEROBIC MICROFLORA IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MAXILLARY SINUSITIS AFTER THE TREATMENT OF CARIES COMPLICATIONS.

Most sinusitis is the result of a periapical infection caused by caries or periodontal disease. The role of bacteria in the initiation of inflammation of the pulp and periapical zones has been well demonstrated. It is well known that colonization of microorganisms in the oral cavity can contribute to the development of pathology of the pulp and periapical organs. Purpose - to study the pathogenesis of maxillary sinusitis, which developed during the treatment of complications of caries of the upper jaw. The study involved 17 patients (mean 40.5±12.7 years) with maxillary sinusitis after treatment of complications of dental caries of the upper jaw. In 8 (47.2%) patients, the species composition of microflora in the sinuses was revealed. Material for the study was taken from the maxillary sinuses during the operative intervention. 24 hours before the operation, antibiotics were discontinued. Identification of isolated aerobic cultures and fungi was carried out using a Vitek 2-compact (BioMérieux, France). The susceptibility of antibiotics to the isolated microorganisms was determined using a Vitek 2-compact bacteriological analyzer. In 9 (53.0%) patients venous blood sampling was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Zaporizhzhya laboratory Synevo (Belgium) for the study of general immunity. Aerobic bacteria were sown in 100.0% of patients. Gram-positive flora - staphylococcus and streptococcus (80.0%) and fungi - candida (20.0%). Monocultures were detected in 75.0% of patients, associations - in 25.0%. The maximum bacterial contamination index is 105 CFU, detected in 20.0% of cases; the minimum figure was 103 CFU, was found in 50.0% of cases. High Ig E values (173.3±76.7 IU/ml) and low CIC values (160 OU) indicate the presence of an allergic component in the pathogenesis of the disease and an adequate immune system response to sensitization and inflammation in patients in this group.

Detection of a new HLA-B*44 allele, HLA-B*44:02:45, by monoallelic Sanger sequencing.

Sequence of the novel allele, HLA-B*44:02:45, differs from HLA-B*44:02:01:01 by 1-nucleotide exchange in exon 2.

[METABOLIC CHANGES OF SKELETAL MUSCLES IN TRAUMATIC INJURY OF PERIPHERAL NERVE AND AUTOPLASTY IN EXPERIMENT].

The changes in metabolism of the amine acids, enzymes, electrolytes, fat acids (FA) in skeletal muscles of anterior and posterior extremities of rats in significant defects of peripheral nerve and its autoplasty were studied in experimental investigation. Metabolic changes in skeletal muscles are accompanied by significant intensity of proteolysis, lowering of the enzymes activity, energetic metabolism and in a less extent of the electrolytes balance and the FA metabolism. After autoplasty of big defects in the traumatized nerve the proteins' synthesis and restoration of activity of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase constitute the markers of muscular tissue restoration. Surgical restoration of the nerve is accompanied by a protein synthesis activation in muscles, but normalization of the enzyme systems indices, the lipids metabolism and the electrolytes balance was not observed. Metabolic dysbalance needs a certain pharmacological correction and prevention of a progress of pathological process in skeletal muscles.

[Mitokorrektine stimulates angiogenesis in vitro].

The effect of mitokorrectine (complex native oligopeptides isolated from neonatal pig brain) on endothelial cells in culture was investigated. It was revealed that the drug concentration-dependently induces angiogenesis in vitro. Mitogen effect of Mitokorrectine was shown by MTT-test and routine cell count in concentration diapason (0.1-1 mg/ml) which means an increased number of cells by 25 +/- 5% and cell subpopulation of proliferative pool (G2/M+S) 1,8 times in concentration diapason mitokorrectine (0.01-0.05 mg/ml) in comparison with control. In 3-D culture and in stationary phase we detected induction of differentiation of endothelial cells, a decrease the level of NO production and enhancement of glucose metabolism and stimulation of formation of capillary-like tubes.

[Histostructural changes of rat cerebral cortex during hemorrhagic stroke modeling].

Pathological changes during modeling of primary and secondary acute hemorrhagic stroke were studied in rats. We revealed differences in the activity of pharmacological action of medications under condition of acute stroke. The action of medications increased viability of neurons in both hemispheres of rat cerebrum at a right-side primary and secondary hemorrhagic stroke. Following secondary stroke, the amount of degenerative neurons amounted 25.5 +/- 0.8 cells/mm2, following the action ofcerebrolysin this value was 17.6 +/- 1.7 cells/ mm2 and after the action of cortexine and cerebral this value amounted 18.0 +/- 0.9 cells/mm2 and 10.7 +/- 0.4 cells/ mm2, respectively. In control animals the number of degenerative neurons did not exceed 2% and averaged 1.5 +/- 0.1 cells/mm2. Analysis of the morphological and statistical data showed that the most effective remedies under the primary and secondary hemorrhagic insult are cortexine and cerebral. Cerebral was found to be more effective.

[The sociological monitoring as a tool to evaluate preventive activities].

The monitoring of conditions of HIV-infection spreading includes qualitative research methods to reveal specified information from people relating immediately to the problem of HIV-infection prevalence. The acquired information can be used both for monitoring of the conditions of HIV-infection spreading (morbidity, prevalence, mortality) and adjustment of preventive activities at the level of specific administrative territory.

[Effect of adement preparation and its low-molecular fractions on development of neurodegenerative processes in Drosophila melanogaster mutants].

Neuroprotective and neuroactivative properties of Adement preparations and the influence of Adement and its low-molecular fractions (9-10 Da, 4-6 Da, 1-2 Da) on dinamics of neurodegenerations, viability and lifetime of Drosophila melanogaster mutants with changes of brain structures have been investigated. It was shown that Adement as neuroprotector causes the delay of neurodegenerative changes by 10-15 days and increase of lifetime by 14%. None of the studied low-molecular fractions did not reveal the better effect on these indices than the total preparation. The use of Adement as neuroactivating agent in the complex with other preparations (neuroprotective agent + neuroactivating agent + neuroretardant) is more effective as the development of neurodegenerative changes in mutant brain stops for 20-27 days depending on genotype and a mean lifetime increases by 10-33%.

[Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of "vitalong" in hyperlipidemia in rats]. / Antioksidantnoe i protivovospalitel'noe deistvie "vitalonga" pri giperlipidemii u krys.

In experiment on model of the lipidemia in rats the efficiency of new antioxidant drug "Vitalong" was studied. The researches have shown that the drug brakes derivation of free radicals, increases activity of a superoxide scavenger, has antiinflammatory and adaptogenic operation. Vitalong prevents activation of serumal elastasa, locking thus destructive link of the atherogenesis. Ukrainian Ministry of Health permits the drug as a preventive means.

[Effects of the food supplements EKSO, Biotrit C, and SPLAT, and their combinations, on the health of young persons]. / Vplyv kharchovykh dobavok EKSO, Biotryt C, SPLAT i ikh poiednannia na riven' zdorov'ia osib molodogo viku.

A study was made into effects of food supplements EKSO, Biotrit C, SPLAT and their combinations on the level of health in young persons (students, n = 75) using the G. L. Apanasenko's method and its modification. the administration of Biotrit C (a drug obtained from wheat germs), EKSO (containing soy isoflavones) and their combinations have been found to raise the level of health in those subjects enrolled in the study. The results secured permit recommending Biotrit C and EKSO as adaptogens.

[The effect of Biotrit balsam and Biotrit C on the level of health]. / Vliianie bal'zama "Biotrit" i Biotrita C na uroven' zdorov'ia.

The study was made in forty subjects, their health level being assessed as recommended by G. L. Apanasenko as well as by modification of his method. The results obtained showed the health level of those enrolled in the study to have gotten increased with administration of Biotrit C and balsam "Biotrit" during 20 days. The effect was found out to be maintained for 20 days after the drug had been withdrawn. The obtained results permit recommending Biotrit C and balsam "Biotrit" as adaptogens.

[The characteristics of nitrogen metabolism in the tissues of rabbits with ammonium toxicosis]. / Osobennosti azotistogo obmena v tkaniakh krolikov pri ammoniinom toksikoze.

Disturbances of nitrogen metabolism under acute ammonium toxicosis have been studied in tissues of rabbit. A sharp increase of the ammonium content in the blood and tissues of the liver and kidneys is accompanied by an increase in the glutamine and glutamate level in all tissues. The level of urea nitrogen in the blood of rabbits increases. The activity of phosphate-independent and phosphate-activated glutaminase also increases in tissues of the liver and kidneys, while arginase activity decreases as compared with the control, which is connected with fall of the ATP level under hyperammonemia. A nomograph method of representation of the redox state has been used.

[Acid-base status of the blood and adenine nucleotide metabolism in ruminant erythrocytes during early post-natal development]. / Kislotno-shchelochnoe sostoianie krovi i obmen adeninnukleotidov v éritrotsitakh zhvachnykh v period rannego postnatal'nogo ontogeneza.

It has been established that data of acid-base balance in cows' and newborn calves' blood closely correlate with physiological status of animals during their initial days of postnatal ontogenesis and depend on the peculiarities of metabolism in fetus and newborn organisms. Data on the acid-base balance in blood of newborn calves under diarrhea syndrome are discussed from the point of view of the influence of rehydration therapy and "Namacit" preparation on clinical status of animals.

[Impairment of energy metabolism in rabbit tissues during ammonia toxicosis]. / Narushenie énergeticheskogo obmena v tkaniakh krolika pri ammoniinom toksikoze.

The studies are conducted on the model of grave toxicosis in vivo in rabbits. It is shown that an increase in the ammonia content in blood and tissues enhances the content of lactate, glutamate, oxaloacetate in the liver and kidneys of animals, decreases the level of pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate and malate in the liver tissue. The NAD+/NADH ratio in the cytoplasm of the liver and kidney cells decreases, the ratio of NADP-pairs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of these tissues noticeably increases. The energy metabolism is disturbed sharply, the content of adenosine phosphates lowers.