Using demographic, psychosocial, behavioural and safety-related factors to assess cyclists' behaviour: A comparative approach across 19 countries.

This Data in Brief (DiB) article presents the differences in cycling behaviors related to violations, errors, and positive behaviors by region. The study data were collected by means of a structured questionnaire applied to a full sample of 7,001 participants from 19 countries, distributed over 5 continents. This paper proposes descriptive statistics, as well as common statistical tests. The aim is to enable authors to make their own analyses, not to provide precise interpretations. For further information about the macro project supporting the collection of these data, it is advised to refer to the paper titled "Cross-culturally approaching the cycling behavior questionnaire (CBQ): Evidence from 19 countries", published in Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior.

Features of the crystal structure and surface of superprotonic conductor caesium hydrogen sulfate phosphate.

The crystal structure of superprotonic conductor caesium hydrogen sulfate phosphate [Cs4(HSO4)3(H2PO4)] have been analyzed using neutron diffraction methods. Additionally, its structure and surface layers have been investigated using atomic force microscopy. From the diffraction data obtained, Fourier syntheses of neutron scattering densities were calculated, and the localization of hydrogen atoms and the parameters of three types of hydrogen bonds in the crystal structure were accurately determined. Correlation of surface characteristics of samples obtained by atomic force microscopy with their crystal structure is shown.

Identification of Key TRIM Genes Involved in Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Chlamydia spp. Infections in Human Cell Lines and in Mouse Organs.

Bacterial infections represent an unsolved problem today since bacteria can evade antibiotics and suppress the host's immune response. A family of TRIM proteins is known to play a role in antiviral defense. However, the data on the involvement of the corresponding genes in the antibacterial response are limited. Here, we used RT-qPCR to profile the transcript levels of TRIM genes, as well as interferons and inflammatory genes, in human cell lines (in vitro) and in mice (in vivo) after bacterial infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chlamydia spp. As a result, the genes were identified that are involved in the overall immune response and associated primarily with inflammation in human cells and in mouse organs when infected with both pathogens (TRIM7, 8, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 47, 68). TRIMs specific to the infection (TRIM59 for P. aeruginosa, TRIM67 for Chlamydia spp.) were revealed. Our findings can serve as a basis for further, more detailed studies on the mechanisms of the immune response to P. aeruginosa and Chlamydia spp. Studying the interaction between bacterial pathogens and the immune system contributes to the search for new ways to successfully fight bacterial infections.

Conductivity, its anisotropy and changes as a manifestation of the features of the atomic and real structures of superprotonic [K1-x(NH4)x]3H(SO4)2 crystals.

Single crystals of [K1-x(NH4)x]3H(SO4)2 (x ≥ 0.57) grown in the K3H(SO4)2-(NH4)3H(SO4)2-H2O water-salt system are studied. The atomic structure including H atoms was determined at room temperature using X-ray structural analysis. [K1-x(NH4)x]3H(SO4)2 (x ≥ 0.57) crystals have trigonal symmetry and disordered hydrogen-bond networks at ambient conditions similar to the high-temperature phases of K3H(SO4)2, (NH4)3H(SO4)2 and other superprotonic compounds M3H(AO4)2. Impedance measurements performed on single crystals show high values of conductivity characteristic for superprotonic phases. Using the methods of impedance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, a significant anisotropy of the conductivity of crystals has been detected. It was also shown that there is a qualitative correlation of bulk and local conductivity measured for samples of the same composition and orientation at room temperature, which is due to the peculiarities of their crystal structure.

Monitoring and assessment of 137Cs and 90Sr radioactive isotopes in the 'soil - rhizosphere - sedge' system of the Yenisei River floodplain (near impact zone of Krasnoyarsk MCC, Russia).

Radiocaesium and radiostrontium contamination in the 'soil - rhizosphere - plants (aerial parts)' system was monitored in the floodplain ecosystem of the Yenisei River in the near impact zone of the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Chemical Combine (MCC). The monitored system included soil, rhizosphere, and sedge vegetation on islands and the river's east bank. The 137Cs and 90Sr specific activities displayed intricate space and time patterns controlled by the river water level, including the time and duration of floods and their correlation with the sedge vegetation season. The specific activities of both radionuclides, especially 137Cs, were above the background in all years of observation, except in a few cases. The soil-to-plant transfer factor (TF) patterns showed continuous 137Cs and 90Sr influx into the system and annual variations in the shares of their bioavailable and fixed forms, especially for 90Sr. The 90Sr distribution in the 'soil - rhizosphere - plants' system observed in 2014-2016 provides evidence for possible local fallout.

Human TAF-Iα promotes oncogenic transformation via enhancement of cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis.

Template activating factor-I (TAF-I) is a multifunctional protein involved in various biological processes including the inhibition of histone acetylation, DNA replication, cell cycle regulation, and oncogenesis. Two main TAF-I isoforms with different N-termini, TAF-Iα and TAF-Iß (SET), are expressed in cells. There are numerous data about functional properties of TAF-Iß, whereas the effects of TAF-Iα remain largely unexplored. Here, we employed focus formation and cell proliferation assays, TUNEL staining, cytological analysis, and RT-qPCR to compare the effects of human TAF-Iα and TAF-Iß genes, transiently expressed in Rat2 cells and in Misgurnus fossilis loaches. We found that both TAF-I isoforms possessed equal oncogenic potential in these systems. Furthermore, an overexpression of human TAF-Iα and TAF-Iß in Rat2 cells promoted their proliferation. Accordingly, the mitotic index was increased in the transgenic loaches expressing human TAF-Iα or TAF-Iß. TUNEL assay as well as downregulation of p53 gene and upregulation of bcl-2 gene in these transgenic loaches demonstrated that both isoforms suppressed apoptosis. Thus, TAF-Iα isoform exerts the same oncogenic potential as TAF-Iß, likely by suppressing the apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation.

Crystal structure, hydrogen bonds and thermal transformations of superprotonic conductor Cs6(SO4)3(H3PO4)4.

Crystals of Cs6(SO4)3(H3PO4)4 belong to the family of alkali metal acid salts that show a high protonic conductivity at relatively low temperatures. Such properties make superprotonic crystals an excellent choice for the study of the influence of the hydrogen subsystem on the physicochemical properties and promising materials for energy-efficient technologies. Single crystals of Cs6(SO4)3(H3PO4)4 were studied by neutron diffraction methods, optical polarization microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Neutron diffraction studies made it possible to determine the positions of all the atoms with high accuracy, including the H atom on a hydrogen bond characterized by a single-minimum potential, to confirm the chemical composition of the Cs6(SO4)3(H3PO4)4 crystals and their cubic symmetry in low- and high-temperature phases, and to draw conclusions about the three-dimensional system of hydrogen bonds, which is fundamentally different in comparison with other superprotonic compounds. Based on the experimental data obtained, crystal transformations with temperature changes are reported, and the stability of the chemical composition is shown.

Human TRIM14 protects transgenic mice from influenza A viral infection without activation of other innate immunity pathways.

TRIM14 is an important component of innate immunity that defends organism from various viruses. It was shown that TRIM14 restricted influenza A virus (IAV) infection in cell cultures in an interferon-independent manner. However, it remained unclear whether TRIM14 affects IAV reproduction and immune system responses upon IAV infection in vivo. In order to investigate the effects of TRIM14 at the organismal level we generated transgenic mice overexpressing human TRIM14 gene. We found that IAV reproduction was strongly inhibited in lungs of transgenic mice, resulting in the increased survival of transgenic animals. Strikingly, upon IAV infection, the transcription of genes encoding interferons, IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNFα was notably weaker in lungs of transgenic animals than that in control mice, thus indicating the absence of significant induction of interferon and inflammatory responses. In spleen of transgenic mice, where TRIM14 was unexpectedly downregulated, upon IAV infection the transcription of genes encoding interferons was oppositely increased. Therefore, we demonstrated the key role of TRIM14 in anti-IAV protection in the model organism that is realized without noticeable activation of other innate immune system pathways.

Estimation of the Mutagenic Potential of 8-Oxog in Nuclear Extracts of Mouse Cells Using the "Framed Mirror" Method.

We propose an improved earlier described "mirror" method for detecting in cell nuclear extracts mutations that arise in DNA during its replication due to the misincorporation of deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphate (dAMP) opposite 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG). This method is based on the synthesis of a complementary chain ("mirror") by nuclear extracts of different mice organs on a template containing 8-oxoG and dideoxycytidine residue (ddC) at the 3'­end. The "mirror" was amplified by PCR using primers part of which was non-complementary to the template. It allowed obtaining the "framed mirror" products. The misincorporation of dAMP in "framed mirror" products forms an EcoRI restriction site. The restriction analysis of double-stranded "framed mirror" products allows a quantification of the mutation frequency in nuclear extracts. The data obtained show that the mutagenic potential of 8-oxoG markedly varied in different organs of adult mice and embryos.

Expression of the human TRIM14 and its mutant form (P207L) promotes apoptosis in transgenic loaches.

The tripartite-motif (TRIM)14 protein, one of the TRIM family members, was shown to participate in the antiviral and antibacterial defence. Besides, it appears to play an essential role in the processes of oncogenesis. In some types of human tumour cells, TRIM14 has been shown to inhibit apoptosis, while in others-the overexpression of TRIM14 promotes apoptosis. However, whether TRIM14 mediates apoptosis in the normal cells remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the possible participation of the human TRIM14 gene and its mutant form (620C > T) in the induction of apoptosis in the transgenic larvae loach Misgurnus fossilis L. We observed that the expression of both forms of TRIM14 gene was accompanied by the increase of the frequency of pyknotic nuclei in fish embryos compared to control groups. Accordingly, using the TUNEL assay, the enhanced apoptosis was revealed upon expression of both forms of TRIM14 gene. The transcription of proapoptotic genes (bax, tp53, and casp9) was significantly increased in transgenic loaches expressing human wild-type TRIM14, but remained unchanged upon expression of its mutant form. In addition, the transcription of c-myc was upregulated in transgenic loaches expressing both forms. Thus, it can be assumed that during embryonic development TRIM14 has a proapoptotic effect on the cells via the activation of c-myc, tp53, and bax genes. Apparently, the mutant TRIM14 directs apoptosis via c-myc by p53-independent mechanism.

The artificial and natural isotopes distribution in sedge (Carex L.) biomass from the Yenisei River flood-plain: Adaptation of the sequential elution technique.

The study of migration pathways of artificial isotopes in the flood-plain biogeocoenoses, impacted by the nuclear fuel cycle plants, requires determination of isotope speciations in the biomass of higher terrestrial plants. The optimal method for their determination is the sequential elution technique (SET). The technique was originally developed to study atmospheric pollution by metals and has been applied to lichens, terrestrial and aquatic bryophytes. Due to morphological and physiological differences, it was necessary to adapt SET for new objects: coastal macrophytes growing on the banks of the Yenisei flood-plain islands in the near impact zone of Krasnoyarsk Mining and Chemical Combine (KMCC). In the first version of SET, 20 mM Na2EDTA was used as a reagent at the first stage; in the second version of SET, it was 1 M CH3COONH4. Four fractions were extracted. Fraction I included elements from the intercellular space and those connected with the outer side of the cell wall. Fraction II contained intracellular elements; fraction III contained elements firmly bound in the cell wall and associated structures; fraction IV contained insoluble residue. Adaptation of SET has shown that the first stage should be performed immediately after sampling. Separation of fractions III and IV can be neglected, since the output of isotopes into the IV fraction is at the level of error detection. The most adequate version of SET for terrestrial vascular plants is the version using 20 mM Na2EDTA at the first stage. Isotope 90Sr is most sensitive to the technique changes. Its distribution depends strongly on both the extractant used at stage 1 and duration of the first stage. Distribution of artificial radionuclides in the biomass of terrestrial vascular plants can vary from year to year and depends significantly on the age of the plant.

MmHn(XO4)(m + n)/2 crystals: structure, phase transitions, hydrogen bonds, conductivity. II. Structure and properties of Cs3(HSO4)2(H2PO4) and Cs4(HSO4)3(H2PO4) single crystals.

Cs3(HSO4)2(H2PO4) and Cs4(HSO4)3(H2PO4) single crystals were obtained for the first time based on a systematic study of the phase diagram of the CsHSO4-CsH2PO4-H2O ternary system. To reveal the structural conditionality for anomalies in physical properties, including dielectric and optical properties, diffraction studies of the crystal structure of Cs3(HSO4)2(H2PO4) and Cs4(HSO4)3(H2PO4) were performed, and their common structural features and differences were analyzed.

Alterations in Synthesis and Repair of DNA during the Development of Loach Misgurnus fossilis.

Using a modified radiolabeled primer extension method (we named this modification misGvA-"misincorporation of G versus A") we have investigated the DNA synthesis and repair at early and late stages of development of loach Misgurnus fossilis. The misincorporation activity of DNA polymerase iota (Pol ι) in wild-type loach could not be detected by this method at any stage of loach development. In transgenic loach overexpressing human Pol ι we have shown that the bypassing of DNA synthesis arrest after incorporation of mismatched nucleotide by Pol ι (the T-stop) was not associated with this enzyme. Non-transgenic loach larvae are virtually lacking the capacity for error correction of DNA duplex containing a mismatched nucleotide. Such repair activity develops only in the adult fish. It appears that the initial stages of development are characterized by more intensive DNA synthesis, while in terminal stages the repair activities become more prominent. The misGvA approach clearly indicates substantial changes in the DNA synthesis intensity, although the role of particular replicative and repair DNA polymerases in this process requires further study.

M(m)H(n)(XO4)((m+n)/2) crystals: structure, phase transitions, hydrogen bonds, conductivity. I. K9H7(SO4)8·H2O crystals--a new representative of the family of solid acid conductors.

To reveal the structural conditionality for anomalies in physical properties, including dielectric and optical properties, diffraction studies of K9H7(SO4)8·H2O crystals were performed using synchrotron radiation in the temperature range 293-450 K and determined at 405 K, taking H atoms into account. The results indicate that the occurrence of high conductivity in K9H7(SO4)8·H2O crystals with a temperature increase is associated with the outward diffusion of water molecules, hydrogen-bond network rearrangement and the formation of channels for the possible motion of K(+) ions. A rearranged system of hydrogen bonds consists of permanent bonds and partly of dynamically disordered bonds. Hydrogen-bond rearrangement and the hindered back diffusion of water to the crystal bulk stabilize the high-temperature crystal structure right down to room temperature.

Transient expression and activity of human DNA polymerase iota in loach embryos.

Human DNA polymerase iota (Pol ι) is a Y-family DNA polymerase with unusual biochemical properties and not fully understood functions. Pol ι preferentially incorporates dGTP opposite template thymine. This property can be used to monitor Pol ι activity in the presence of other DNA polymerases, e.g. in cell extracts of tissues and tumors. We have now confirmed the specificity and sensitivity of the method of Pol ι activity detection in cell extracts using an animal model of loach Misgurnus fossilis embryos transiently expressing human Pol ι. The overexpression of Pol ι was shown to be accompanied by an increase in abnormalities in development and the frequency of pycnotic nuclei in fish embryos. Further analysis of fish embryos with constitutive or regulated Pol ι expression may provide insights into Pol ι functions in vertebrate animals.