ABSTRACT
Inflammatory diseases of the pharynx occupy one of the leading places in the structure of otorhinolaryngological pathology. Acute and chronic inflammatory processes in the pharynx, as well as exacerbations of the latter, are faced by doctors of a wide range of specialties. Oropharyngeal swab laboratory testing is required to identify a specific pathogen, which takes time. In this regard, of particular interest are local drugs with the necessary spectrum of action, the use of which is possible, both as monotherapy and in combination with systemic therapy. The combination of tyrothricin (tyrothricin), benzalkonium chloride (benzalkonium chloride), and benzocaine (benzocaine) (dorithricin) is highly effective in the treatment of bacterial, viral and fungal infections of the pharynx, and microorganisms consistently demonstrate high sensitivity to the components of the drug.
Subject(s)
Benzalkonium Compounds , Pharynx , Humans , Benzalkonium Compounds/pharmacology , Antimicrobial Peptides , Benzocaine , TyrothricinABSTRACT
AIM: Study the effectiveness of the substance and various drug formulations of fullerene-(tris-aminocapronic acid) hydrate (FTAAH onwards) in the model of experimental viral-bacterial pneumonia of mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BALB/c mice were infected with influenza virus A/California/04/2009 and subsequently infected with Staphylococcus aureus. The animals were treated after viral infection with the substance and various drug forms of FTAAH, as well as comparative preparations--oseltamivir and arbidol. Therapy effectiveness was evaluated by clinical indicators (survival, lifespan, animal mass decrease reduction), virological (virus titer), microbiological (density of bacteria in lungs) parameters, confirmed by pathomorphological characteristics of lungs. RESULTS: FTAAH therapy in injectable form was effective in the model of a combined viral-bacterial pneumonia of mice by all the studied criteria: treatment increased mice survival, reduced the decrease of their body weight, resulted in a reduction of virus titers and density of bacteria in lungs, that correlated with the data from morphological study and signs of bronchopneumonia resolution in mice. FTAAH therapy in rectal form depended on animal infection schemes, as well as preparation dose, increasing with its increase. CONCLUSION: FTAAH substance is effective in the model of experimental viral-bacterial pneumonia of mice.
Subject(s)
Fullerenes/administration & dosage , Pneumonia, Bacterial/drug therapy , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Animals , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Disease Models, Animal , Fullerenes/chemistry , Humans , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity , Lung/microbiology , Lung/pathology , Lung/virology , Mice , Oseltamivir/administration & dosage , Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology , Pneumonia, Bacterial/pathology , Pneumonia, Bacterial/virology , Pneumonia, Viral/microbiology , Pneumonia, Viral/pathology , Pneumonia, Viral/virology , Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicityABSTRACT
Pneumonia often occurs as a secondary infection after influenza and accounts for a large proportion of the morbidity and mortality associated with seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks. The efficacy of umifenovir (Arbidol) was investigated on a murine model of S. aureus pneumonia following A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) influenza virusinfection. Oral treatment with umifenovir (40 and 60 mg/kg/day) in all the contamination schemes increased the survival rate in the mice from 0% to 90% and lowered the animal weight loss. The umifenovir treatment also decreased the virus titer by ≥ 2 logs and the viable bacteria counts in the lungs of the mice. The lungs of the mice treated with umifenovir had less severe histopathologic lesions compared to the control group.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Indoles/pharmacology , Lung/drug effects , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/drug therapy , Pneumonia, Bacterial/drug therapy , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Administration, Oral , Animals , Bacterial Load/drug effects , Body Weight/drug effects , Coinfection , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Administration Schedule , Female , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/growth & development , Lung/microbiology , Lung/pathology , Lung/virology , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/mortality , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/pathology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology , Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology , Pneumonia, Bacterial/mortality , Pneumonia, Bacterial/pathology , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcal Infections/mortality , Staphylococcal Infections/pathology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development , Survival Analysis , Viral Load/drug effectsABSTRACT
Immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs) are unique, multimolecular structures formed by encapsulating antigens, lipids, and triterpene saponins of plant origin, and are an effective delivery system for various kinds of antigens. The uses of ISCOMs formulated with saponins from plants collected in Kazakhstan, with antigens from the poultry coccidian parasite Eimeria tenella, were evaluated for their potential use in developing a vaccine for control of avian coccidiosis. Saponins isolated from the plants Aesculus hippocastanum and Glycyrrhiza glabra were partially purified by HPLC. The saponin fractions obtained from HPLC were evaluated for toxicity in chickens and chicken embryos. The HPLC saponin fractions with the least toxicity, compared to a commercial saponin Quil A, were used to assemble ISCOMs. When chicks were immunized with ISCOMs prepared with saponins from Kazakhstan plants and E. tenella antigens, and then challenged with E. tenella oocysts, significant protection was conveyed compared to immunization with antigen alone. The results of this study indicate that ISCOMs formulated with saponins isolated from plants indigenous to Kazakhstan are an effective antigen delivery system which may be successfully used, with low toxicity, for preparation of highly immunogenic coccidia vaccine.
