ABSTRACT
Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and aflatoxin are known sometimes to coexist in nature but little is known of possible biological interaction in mammals that consume mixtures of these two mycotoxins. Guinea pigs were dosed orally with CPA (2.2 mg/kg) or aflatoxin (0.045 mg B1/kg) singly or in combination. Effects of toxin consumption were determined on clinical health, body weight gain, pathological change, and several immunologically related parameters including delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, antibody response, complement hemolytic titer, intracutaneous mitogen (PHA) and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis. In contrast to an earlier study by others, significant synergy between these two toxins was demonstrated in reduced rate of body weight gain, lethality and histologic changes (vacuolization) in hepatocytes. Reductions in complement titer, intradermal PHA, delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis were related to aflatin activity. No effects on antibody formation to Brucella abortus were observed with either toxin or the combination of toxins. Cyclopiazonic acid appeared to restore the suppressive effects of aflatoxin in delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis.
Subject(s)
Aflatoxins/toxicity , Indoles/toxicity , Mycotoxins/toxicity , Administration, Oral , Aflatoxins/administration & dosage , Animals , Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis , Complement System Proteins/analysis , Female , Gallbladder/drug effects , Guinea Pigs , Immunity, Cellular/drug effects , Indoles/administration & dosage , Liver/drug effects , Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects , Male , Mycotoxins/administration & dosage , Weight Gain/drug effectsABSTRACT
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using whole-cell and sonicated antigens prepared from Brucella ovis, Actinobacillus seminis, and Actinobacillus seminis-like cultures isolated from rams in Wyoming, was able to detect antibody to these antigens in rams with epididymitis. The whole-cell antigens used in this procedure gave lower background values, compared with those of the sonicated antigens. The procedure was able to detect antibody in rams before clinical signs of epididymitis became apparent.
Subject(s)
Actinobacillosis/diagnosis , Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis , Brucellosis/veterinary , Epididymitis/veterinary , Sheep Diseases/diagnosis , Actinobacillosis/immunology , Animals , Antigens, Bacterial , Brucellosis/diagnosis , Brucellosis/immunology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Epididymitis/diagnosis , Epididymitis/immunology , Male , Sheep , Sheep Diseases/immunologyABSTRACT
Lambs infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (ovis) by injecting suspensions of live bacteria into the wool-free area of the axilla developed antibody against cell wall antigens and antitoxin, as measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The toxin was a better antigen for measuring infection than was the cell wall antigen. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay appeared to be as sensitive as the antihemolysin inhibition test for detecting antitoxin and was easier to perform.
Subject(s)
Corynebacterium Infections/veterinary , Lymphadenitis/veterinary , Sheep Diseases/diagnosis , Animals , Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis , Antigens, Bacterial/immunology , Antitoxins/analysis , Bacterial Toxins/immunology , Corynebacterium/immunology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Epitopes , Female , Male , Sheep , SonicationABSTRACT
Two populations of feedlot cattle--weaned calves and yearlings--suffered otitis media. In calves the disease was acute and epizootic and had a prevalence of about 400 cases per 2000 cattle, whereas in yearlings, it was chronic and sporadic and had a prevalence of 1 case per 2000 cattle. Clinical signs were facial paralysis, otorrhea, and head tilt. The middle ears from 64 dead calves and 22 dead yearlings were examined. Calf ears had acute infection, with exudate in air cells and rupture of tympanic membranes. Yearling ears had chronic infection, with exudate in air cells, rupture or destruction of tympanic membranes, and necrosis of air cell partitions. Mixtures of Pasteurella multocida and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis were isolated from diseased ears, but Pasteurella multocida predominated in acute infections and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis predominated in chronic infections.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/etiology , Otitis Media/veterinary , Acute Disease , Age Factors , Animals , Cattle , Chronic Disease , Corynebacterium/isolation & purification , Female , Male , Otitis Media/etiology , Pasteurella/isolation & purification , WyomingABSTRACT
Thirty crossbred ewe lambs weighing an average of 37.3 kg were allotted to 6 groups of 5 lambs each so that group weights were nearly equal. Lambs were fed dehydrated alfalfa pellets, initially at 1.14 kg/day and subsequently increased after experimental day 15 and 42. Each lamb was artificially infected with 18,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae. Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were given monensin in the form of medicated alfalfa pellets at dose levels of 5, 10, 20, and 30 g/metric ton, respectively. Groups 5 and 6 were infected controls (infected, nonmedicated). Lambs in groups 5 and 6 developed severe clinical coccidiosis, having diarrhea and losing weight rapidly. Group 1 lambs did not have diarrhea, but the lambs did not gain well. All other medicated lambs gained weight during the experimental period of 84 days. Feed conversion was good in medicated groups 2, 3, and 4 and was poor in control groups 5 and 6. Statistically significant differences in feed conversion and body weight gains (5 and 1% level of confidence) were observed between control and medicated groups.
Subject(s)
Coccidiosis/veterinary , Furans/therapeutic use , Monensin/therapeutic use , Sheep Diseases/drug therapy , Animal Feed , Animals , Body Weight , Coccidiosis/drug therapy , Coccidiosis/parasitology , Female , Sheep , Sheep Diseases/parasitologyABSTRACT
Broth cultures of suspensions of Pseudomonas syringae isolated from decaying alder leaves (Alnus tenuifolia) were found to freeze at very warm (-1.8 to -3.8 C) temperatures. The initiation of freezing appears associated with the intact cell and not with extracellular material. Chemical treatments and physical destruction of the cell destroy activity. Bacteria must be in concentrations of approximately 10(6)/ml before freezing at warm temperatures occurs.