Polyphenols in human nutrition: from the in vitro antioxidant capacity to the beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health and related inter-individual variability - an overview and perspective.

Oxidative damage of cells and tissues is broadly implicated in human pathophysiology, including cardiometabolic diseases. Polyphenols, as important constituents of the human diet and potent in vitro free radical scavengers, have been extensively studied for their beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health. However, it has been demonstrated that the in vivo antioxidant activity of polyphenols is distinct from their in vitro free radical-scavenging capacity. Indeed, bioavailability of nutritional polyphenols is low and conditioned by complex mechanisms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Nowadays, it is commonly accepted that the cellular antioxidant activity of polyphenols is mainly carried out via modification of transcription of genes involved in antioxidant defence. Importantly, polyphenols also contribute to cardiometabolic health by modulation of a plethora of cellular processes that are not directly associated with antioxidant enzymes, through nutri(epi)genomic mechanisms. Numerous human intervention studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of polyphenols on the key cardiometabolic risk factors. However, inconsistency of the results of some studies led to identification of the inter-individual variability in response to consumption of polyphenols. In perspective, a detailed investigation of the determinants of this inter-individual variability will potentially lead us towards personalised dietary recommendations. The phenomenon of inter-individual variability is also of relevance for supplementation with antioxidant (pro)vitamins.

[Effectiveness of cefotetan in clinical practice]. / Effektivnost' tsefotetana v klinicheskoi praktike.

Forty five patients at the age of 15 to 84 years with signs of infection requiring active antibacterial therapy were treated with cefotetan. In the majority of the patients pulmonary affections such as double pneumonia, pleurisy or bronchopneumonia were stated. In some patients bronchopulmonary pathological processes were associated with pancreatitis, cholecystitis or other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. A separate group included patients with diseases of the small pelvis organs (pelvioperitonitis, metroendometritis or prostatitis) and diseases of the urogenital system (pyelonephritis) arachnoiditis. In all the patients except for one with bronchopneumonia at the background of chronic myeloleukemia and agranulocytosis the results of the treatment were good and satisfactory. Cefotetan proved to be efficient in the treatment of purulent affections of the skin and subcutaneous fat (abscesses and phlegmona), trophic disturbances at the background of pathological processes in the vessels and pyoseptic condition. Cefotetan practically had no side effects. Only in 2 patients insignificant nausea during the first 2 days of the treatment was recorded. In some patients the antibiotic intramuscular injections were painful with formation of cold infiltrates. After intravenous administration of cefotetan no adverse reactions were observed.

[Analysis of nuclear families with two or more patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with diabetic siblings]. / Analiz iadernykh semei s dvumia i bolee bol'nymi insulinzavisimym sakharnym diabetom sibsami.

HLA haplotype distribution was analyzed in nuclear families of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Sixteen families with two or more diabetic siblings were examined, a total of 69 subjects, 33 of these diabetic siblings and 36 normal subjects (siblings and parents). The data were processed using the involved sibling pairs method based on a mixed model making use of a conditional probability approach. The ratio of diabetic sibling pairs concordant by 2 haplotypes, 1 haplotype, and discordant by 2 haplotypes was 9:5:2 vs. 1:2:1 expected according to Mendel's accidental distribution (p < 0.025). Increased incidence of siblings concordant by 2 haplotypes proves the presence in the HLA domain of one or several genes responsible for the development of diabetes mellitus. Siblings identical by two HLA haplotypes with the diabetic proband are at a higher risk of developing this disease.

[Ultrasound diagnosis of acute appendicitis]. / Ultrazvukovaia diagnostika ostrogo appenditsita.

The possibilities of ultrasonic examination in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis are analysed. The ultrasonic parameters are systematized on the basis of examination of 76 patients with various forms of acute inflammation of the vermiform process and of 16 healthy individuals. Exosemeiotics of acute appendicitis is presented. The high significance of USE in complex examination of patients with suspected acute inflammation of the vermiform process difficult for diagnosis is shown. This was confirmed by the results of complex examination of 151 patients with various urgent pathological conditions whose clinical symptomatology was similar to that of acute appendicitis. It was found that USE improves the diagnostics in difficult clinical cases and lessens the number of diagnostic and tactical errors. The wide use of ultrasonic examination in the daily practice of surgical clinics is recommended.

Combined effect of selected antiviral substances of natural and synthetic origin. II. Anti-influenza activity of a combination of a polyphenolic complex isolated from Geranium sanguineum L. and rimantadine in vivo.

The synergistic effect shown by the combination of a natural product, polyphenolic complex (PC) isolated from Geranium sanguineum L., and rimantadine (R) in vitro and in ovo [7], encouraged us to continue these studies by in vivo testing. A marked protective effect in experimental influenza virus A (H3N2) infection in mice was found when PC was applied nasally (i.n.) (1.0 mg/kg) only once 6 h before infection in combination with R applied orally in concentration 10.5 and 2.5 mg/kg 2h before and 2.24 and 48 h after viral inoculation (PI = 72.55%, 55% and 57.8% respectively).

[The methods and efficacy of motor regimens in chronic nonspecific lung diseases at a family sanatorium]. / Metodika i éffektivnost' dvigatel'nykh rezhimov pri khronicheskikh nespetsificheskikh zabolevaniiakh legkikh v semeinoi zdravnitse.

Conditioning exercises according to a specially designed schedule were performed at family sanatorium by the majority of 1757 patients with chronic nonspecific pulmonary diseases (CNPD). From those who completed the course of the conditioning, a pronounced effect was achieved in 20.7%, improvement in 78.4% of the patients. 0.9% of the test subjects did not respond, the disease progressed in 0.6% of the cases.

[The anti-influenza effect of rimantadine and isoprinosine when used in combination in mice]. / Protivogripen efekt na rimantadin i izoprinozin pri kombinirano prilagane u mishki.

The antiviral effect of rimantadine and isoprinosine applied in combination against fowl plague virus (FPV) in cell cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts and in experimental influenza infection in mice has been studied. Isoprinosine does not inhibit the reproduction of FPV when given alone and does not increase the antiviral activity of rimantadine. After oral application of both substances according to an appropriate scheme in mice infected with influenza virus A/Aichi (N3N2), an increase in the antiviral effect with an index of protection by 12% higher than the theoretically calculated one for additive effect was established. The results suggest that the combined effect is synergic.