Telomere length and type 2 diabetes in males, a premature aging syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Increased telomere shortening has been demonstrated in several diseases including type 2 diabetes. However, it is not known whether telomere length changes during the course of type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To determine telomere length at different stages of type 2 diabetes, including early and late stages. METHODS: A total of 93 males with type 2 diabetes and 10 years or more since original diagnosis; 96 males with less than one year of diagnosis; 98 age matched healthy males. Telomere length was estimated by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction. Fasting venous blood samples were obtained for measurement of lipid peroxidation and inflammation markers. RESULTS: We found a greater telomere shortening in group (A) with type 2 diabetes of 10 years or more since original diagnosis, compared with the control group (C) of healthy males (5.4 vs 9.6 Kb) (p = 0.04) and with group B (5.4 vs 8.7 kb) (p = 0.05). With regard to inflammatory markers TNF-α, malondialdehyde peroxidation and adiponectin we found significant differences. CONCLUSION: Telomere shortening increases with the duration of diabetes. The time of exhibition suggests in parallel that the progressive increase of inflammation and/or oxidative stress plays a direct role in telomere shortening.

The opioid system and excitatory amino acids in the onset of puberty in female rats.

The control of sexual maturation by the hypothalamus is incompletely understood. The activation and/or removal of inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion at puberty involves several neurotransmitters. Excitatory amino acids (EAA), such as L-glutamic acid (L-GLU), may increase gonadotropin secretion acting on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors. Endogenous opiates peptides (EOP) play an inhibitory role on gonadotropin secretion, and the opiate antagonist naloxone (NAL) increases serum LH levels. We tested the effect of drugs acting on the opiate and EAA systems. We treated prepubertal rats with intraperitoneal injections of NAL, NMDA antagonist dextromethorphan (DMT) and non-NMDA antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), alone and in combinations among them. The onset of puberty was assessed by the vaginal opening (VO). Female Wistar rats (25 days old), weaned at 21 days of age, were randomly assigned to one of seven groups (15 rats each). The groups were treated with 1) DMT (18 mg/kg b.w.), 2) DNQX (17 micrograms/kg), 3) NAL (0.5 mg/kg), 4) NAL plus DMT, 5) NAL plus DNQX, 6) DMT plus DNQX and 7) control vehicle: distilled water). The age at VO among groups was significant by survival time analysis (x2 = 15.18, p = 0.018). Analysis of covariance controlling for weight and length at 21 days showed that the groups treated with NAL alone (p = 0.003) or combined with DMT (p = 0.012) and DNQX (p = 0.005) had earlier age at VO. NMDA and non-NMDA antagonist used alone or combined were not different from the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Correlations between hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea]. / Correlación entre hiperprolactinemia y galactorrea.

In a prospective study performed between January, 1989 to August, 1988, we evaluated the association between hyperprolactinemia and its clinical features. Of the 58 subjects included: 23 had hyperprolactinemia and 35 were controls. The most frequent clinical manifestations in hyperprolactinemic patients were galactorrhea (43.4%) and amenorrhea (17.3%) amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome was found in only 8.6% cases with hyperprolactinemia. We found a statistically significant correlation (R = 0.66, p less than 0.01) between serum prolactin levels and clinical symptoms in hyperprolactinemic patients.

[Elective appendectomy associated with cesarean section]. / Apendicectomía electiva asociada a cesárea.

A prospective study was conducted in 90 patients divided in two different groups: the first group included 45 labor patients operated of cesarean section and elective appendectomy, the second group included 45 labor patients operated of cesarean section without appendectomy (control group). The purpose was to evaluate if the elective removal of the appendix increase the postoperative morbidity. The most common indication of cesarean section was the mother-fetus disproportion (55.5%). The main type of uterine incision was the segmental transverse (over 90% of the cases). Appendectomy added 11.2 minutes to the operation time, as compared with the control group (p less than 0.01). There were 4 cases (8.8%) of decidual infection in the appendectomy group and 2 cases (4.4%) of decidual infection (one of these complicated with wound dehiscence) in the control group. Nevertheless there was not difference statistically significative in comparing the morbidity between the groups (p = 0.33). There were no complications directly attributable to elective appendectomy. It is concluded that the elective appendectomy does not increase the postoperative morbidity in labor patients undergoing cesarean section and it requires a good selection of patients to be appendectomized.

Regresion polinomial de la somatometria durante la pubertad en tres niveles socioeconomicos de Leon, Guanajuato. / Polynomial regression of somatometric data during puberty in 3 socioeconomic levels of Leon, Guanajuato

Se estudiaron 2,488 jovenes (1,380 varones y 1,108 mujeres) entre los 8 y los 18 anos y entre los 6 y los 16 anos de los sexos respectivos, obtenidos de tres tipos socioeconomicos escolares (escuelas privadas, oficiales urbanas y rurales). Se obtuvo la alla, el peso, la circunferencia del brazo, la circunferencia del muslo y el perimetro cefalico, asi como las costumbres alimentarias para la ingestion de carne, leche, huevo y frijoles. Se calcularon las tablas del crecimiento para cada parametro agrupando los datos en intervalos de 0,50 anos. Se efectuo regresion polinomial de los datos hasta el 6o. grado y en ella se observo claramente las diferencias en las curvas de regresion del crecimiento en cada parametro estudiado.Con base en la ecuacion polinomial, se calculo la velocidad del crecimiento y la edad de la velocidad maxima. Se encontro una instalacion mas temprana en los estrados socioeconomicos mas favorecidos para el peso corporal, la circunferencia del brazo y la circunferencia del muslo. La edad de instalacion del maximo crecimiento de la estatura de pie no mostro diferencia en los tres grupos estudiados