ABSTRACT
Background The medial sural artery perforator (MSAP) flap was described by Cavadas et al in 2001. The aim of this study was to analyze the flap characteristics in the regional population and was planned as a cadaveric dissection study. Methods Thirty-three legs of fresh cadavers were studied for perforator characteristics, length, and origin of pedicle and skin paddle thickness. Observations were documented and analyzed. Results Seventeen right legs (51.5%) and sixteen left legs (48.5%) were studied. Twenty-five pedicles originated from popliteal artery (86.2%) and four (13.8%) from the common sural trunk. No perforators were seen in four legs. The mean number of perforators is 2 (0-6). The mean distance of perforator from midpoint of popliteal fossa was 10.7 cm (8-13 cm) and from posterior midline it was 3.2 cm. The mean size of the perforator was 1.1 ± 0.8 mm (0.8-1.5 mm). The mean pedicle length was 9.3 ± 1.3 cm. The mean flap thickness was 4.3 ± 0.7 mm (3.0-5.5 mm). There was no correlation for flap or perforator characteristics with side of leg. Conclusion This study concludes that MSAP is a good flap in terms of perforator characteristics, pedicle length, and flap thickness, when a medium sized thin flap with long pedicle is needed. The location of perforator on calf varies in different population. Being a perforator flap, anatomical variability is common and should be thought of while choosing this flap.
ABSTRACT
Background The Neoclassical canons, originally framed based on the Renaissance artworks, vary across genders, races, and ages. This has been proved in multiple studies conducted on the Western population, but minimal studies exist on the Eastern population and lesser so on the Indian population. This study aims to define the standard Keralite face and assess its variation from the canons. Methods A total of 250 people of Kerala origin aged 18 to 40 years were studied over a period of 1 year in our institute. Standardized frontal and profile photographs of the subjects were taken. Twenty anthropometric measurements were taken and analyzed for variation between genders, from published Indian standards and their conformity to the Neoclassical canons. Results Compared to the Keralite men, there were significant differences in 14 of 19 measurements in Keralite women. The men had wider and longer faces than women. Five of 10 measurements in females and 6 of 10 measurements in males significantly differed from the published Indian norms. The average Keralite face was wider, longer, and rounder. None of the facial proportions fit the Neoclassical canons. Conclusion The average Keralite face significantly differed from the Neoclassical canons and there were some significant variations between genders. This study highlights the need for a larger population-based study with more representation from various regions across India.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The thoracic cavity was considered as a forbidden area in the past and anyone attempting to meddle with it was expected to be doomed. But the past several decades have seen a marked improvement in the management and reconstruction of complex chest wall defects. This study was undertaken to review our experience in chest wall reconstruction during the past 12 years and to stress upon the importance of a multidisciplinary team approach to this complex problem. METHODS: After obtaining the necessary clearance from institutional ethics committee, we did a retrospective review of all case records of chest wall reconstructions (CWR) performed in our institution during a 12-year period from May 2005 to September 2016. Patient characteristics, co-morbidities, operative data and post-operative complications and outcomes were reviewed. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 32 patients underwent CWR. All patients were assessed, planned, operated and managed by a team consisting of thoracic surgeons, plastic surgeons, intensivists and pulmonologists. Patients were in the age group of 14-72 with a male:female ratio of 15:17. Indications for CWR were neoplasms (n = 13-40.62%), post-sternotomy wound dehiscence (n = 12-37.5%), osteoradionecrosis (n = 4-12.5%), tuberculosis (n = 2-6.25%) and osteomyelitis rib (1/32-3.125%). Inflammatory defects were mostly closed with soft tissue alone whereas skeletal stabilisation with soft tissue cover was required in tumour resections. All were pedicled flaps, the most common being pectoralis major (PM) muscle flap (n = 12). Others include latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle (n = 9); rectus abdominis (RA) muscle (n = 2); transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap (TRAM) (n = 2), deltopectoral (DP) (n = 1), omentum (n = 3) and breast flap (n = 3). Post-operative complications include wound dehiscence (12%), wound infection (21%) and recurrent sinus formation (7%). One partial flap failure was recorded. Post-operative mortality was 3%. CONCLUSION: Chest wall reconstruction is a complex procedure and each defect needs an individualised approach for optimum outcome. Extensive chest wall resections can be safely undertaken with the support of the reconstructive surgeon and with good critical care back up.
ABSTRACT
Background Distal thumb injuries are managed by multiple local and regional flaps. The cross-finger flap (CFF) is one versatile flap used to cover such defects. The donor finger to the thumb is classically described to be the index finger (IF). However, with the index finger being the second most important finger, it causes further debilitation of the already injured hand. Our aim was to find an alternate donor finger to spare the index finger. Methods and Materials A prospective observational study was conducted on 10 patients with distal thumb injuries who were admitted between November 2018 and July 2019. Ring finger (RF) was used as donor for CFF in all the cases. The subjects were assessed for first web space angle, Kapandji score, total range of movement (TRM) of long fingers, and global hand function using Michigan hand outcome questionnaire (MHQ) after flap division. Results There was no first web contracture and TRM of IF remained unaffected. However, TRM of RF was significantly reduced. But this being a relatively unimportant finger, there was no significant reduction in global hand function, as evaluated by the MHQ score. Conclusion The ring finger is a good alternative for index finger as donor for CFF to the thumb, because it provides adequate tissue along with comfortable positioning and easy maintenance of local hygiene. Moreover, it preserves global hand function by sparing the IF.
ABSTRACT
Benign breast tumors attaining large size constitute an important cause of unilateral macromastia. Their usual treatment involves enucleation or excision with a margin based on pathology and waiting for spontaneous retraction of skin envelope. In very large tumors, this will leave the residual breast deflated and unaesthetic, with spontaneous skin retraction giving unpredictable results. Application of the principles of oncoplastic surgery are helpful in this situation. Here, we present two cases of benign giant tumors-a giant fibroadenoma and a giant lipoma-managed by reduction mammaplasty approach to restore the breast symmetry and aesthetics.
