Metabarcoding analysis reveals an interaction among distinct groups of bacteria associated with three different varietals of grapes used for wine production in Brazil.

Grapes are globally popular with wine production being one of the most well-known uses of grapes worldwide. Brazil has a growing wine industry, and the Serra Gaúcha region is a significant contributor to the country's wine production. Nonetheless, other states are increasing their relevance in this segment. Environmental factors and the soil microbiome (bacteria and fungi) heavily influence grape quality, shaping the crucial "terroir" for wines. Here, soil quality was assessed through nutrient analysis and bacteria microbial diversity, which could significantly impact grape health and final wine attributes. Soil samples from São Paulo's vineyards, focusing on Syrah, Malbec, and Cabernet Sauvignon, underwent chemical and microbial analysis via 16S rRNA metabarcoding and highlighted significant differences in soil composition between vineyards. Statistical analyses including PCA and CAP showcased region-based separation and intricate associations between microbiota, region, and grape variety. Correlation analysis pinpointed microbial genera linked to specific soil nutrients. Random Forest analysis identified abundant bacterial genera per grape variety and the Network analysis revealed varied co-occurrence patterns, with Cabernet Sauvignon exhibiting complex microbial interactions. This study unveils complex relationships between soil microbiota, nutrients, and diverse grape varieties in distinct vineyard regions. Understanding how these specific microorganisms are associated with grapes can improve vineyard management, grape quality, and wine production. It can also potentially optimize soil health, bolster grapevine resilience against pests and diseases, and contribute to the unique character of wines known as terroir.

Expression profiles of neotropical termites reveal microbiota-associated, caste-biased genes and biotechnological targets.

Termites are well recognized by their complex development trajectories, involving dynamic differentiation process between non-reproductive castes, workers and soldiers. These insects are associated with endosymbiotic microorganisms, which help in lignocellulose digestion and nitrogen metabolism. Aiming to identify genes harbouring biotechnological potential, we analyzed workers and soldiers RNA-Seq data of three neotropical termites: Heterotermes tenuis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), Velocitermes heteropterus (Isoptera: Termitidae) and Cornitermes cumulans (Isoptera: Termitidae). We observed differences in the microbiota associated with each termite family, and found protists' genes in both Termitidae species. We found an opposite pattern of caste-biased gene expression between H. tenuis and the termitids studied. Moreover, the two termitids are considerably different concerning the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional annotation indicated considerable differences in caste-biased gene content between V. heteropterus and C. cumulans, even though they share similar diet and biological niche. Among the most DEGs, we highlighted those involved in caste differentiation and cellulose digestion, which are attractive targets for studying more efficient technologies for termite control, biomass digestion and other biotechnological applications.

Cdc42p controls yeast-cell shape and virulence of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is characterized by a multiple budding phenotype and a polymorphic cell growth, leading to the formation of cells with extreme variations in shape and size. Since Cdc42 is a pivotal molecule in establishing and maintaining polarized growth for diverse cell types, as well as during pathogenesis of certain fungi, we evaluated its role during cell growth and virulence of the yeast-form of P. brasiliensis. We used antisense technology to knock-down PbCDC42's expression in P. brasiliensis yeast cells, promoting a decrease in cell size and more homogenous cell growth, altering the typical polymorphism of wild-type cells. Reduced expression levels also lead to increased phagocytosis and decreased virulence in a mouse model of infection. We provide genetic evidences underlying Pbcdc42p as an important protein during host-pathogen interaction and the relevance of the polymorphic nature and cell size in the pathogenesis of P. brasiliensis.

Doença arterial coronariana: um novo paradigma na AIDS / Coronary artery disease: a new paradigm in AIDS

A inclusão de indivíduos portadores da infecção pelo HIV num grupo propenso às altraçòes metabólicas, fortalece a hipótese de que a AIDS contribui como um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de desordens vaso-oclusivas. O curso e a progressão da AIDS, bem como as medidas terapêuticas contra o HIV têm sido capazes de mostrar uma infinidade de alterações metabólicas aos quais os portadores estão sujeitos. Esses transtornos afetam o metabolismo de componentes plasmáticos como os lipídeos e a homocisteína e tem sido verificado nos portadores do HIV como consequênciade três fatores predominantemente: (i) a própria infecção viral per se que altera os níveis de lipídeos plasmáticos; (ii) deficiências vitamínicas e de micronutrientes, favorecendo a hiper-homocisteinemia (iii) a terapia medicamentosa antiretroviral, que acompanha efeitos idiossincráticos no metabolismo lipídico do portador. Nesse contexto, o indivíduo infectado pelo HIV está inserido num rol de anormalidades que são fatores de risco para a aterogênese. Essas observações podem ser valiosas quando se verifica que, se a sobrevida do portador está sendo aumentada por ocasião da terapia mais efetiva, é por outro lado possível, que seu risco de desenvolver alteraçòes metabólicas e, portanto, iniciar um processo aterogênico, ou exacerbar algum preexistente, tenha também aumento proporcional