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1.
Chaos ; 31(9): 093112, 2021 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34598476

ABSTRACT

We consider a simple example of a one-parameter family of random maps in the interval that exhibits a phase transition phenomenon in the sense of a spontaneous transition from non-existence to existence of an absolutely continuous invariant measure by changing the parameter. For this example of random maps, we estimate numerically the critical value at which the so-called transition occurs. This is done through the numerical computation of its invariant densities and the Lyapunov exponent. We further investigate the behavior of the rate of decay of correlations for the different values of the parameter, changing from power-law-like to exponential-like behavior. We also study a family of random maps with a non-expansive branch having no phase transition. For this family of random maps, we compute the invariant densities for all values of the parameter.

2.
Chaos ; 31(1): 013131, 2021 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33754777

ABSTRACT

In this work, we introduce a method for estimating the entropy rate and the entropy production rate from a finite symbolic time series. From the point of view of statistics, estimating entropy from a finite series can be interpreted as a problem of estimating parameters of a distribution with a censored or truncated sample. We use this point of view to give estimations of the entropy rate and the entropy production rate, assuming that they are parameters of a (limit) distribution. The last statement is actually a consequence of the fact that the distribution of estimations obtained from recurrence-time statistics satisfies the central limit theorem. We test our method using a time series coming from Markov chain models, discrete-time chaotic maps, and a real DNA sequence from the human genome.

3.
Entropy (Basel) ; 22(11)2020 Nov 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33266513

ABSTRACT

The Thermodynamic Formalism provides a rigorous mathematical framework for studying quantitative and qualitative aspects of dynamical systems. At its core, there is a variational principle that corresponds, in its simplest form, to the Maximum Entropy principle. It is used as a statistical inference procedure to represent, by specific probability measures (Gibbs measures), the collective behaviour of complex systems. This framework has found applications in different domains of science. In particular, it has been fruitful and influential in neurosciences. In this article, we review how the Thermodynamic Formalism can be exploited in the field of theoretical neuroscience, as a conceptual and operational tool, in order to link the dynamics of interacting neurons and the statistics of action potentials from either experimental data or mathematical models. We comment on perspectives and open problems in theoretical neuroscience that could be addressed within this formalism.

4.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32882961

ABSTRACT

Health Science students in Spain and Bolivia should be trained in the management of the processes of death and dying of patients. The aim of this study was to examine the degree of training, self-perceived safety and preferences in relation to the care of terminal and non-terminal patients. It was a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study with students of Medicine, Nursing and Physiotherapy in Spain and Bolivia. The following variables were evaluated: care preparation and emotional preparation to caring for terminally ill and non-terminally ill patients, the Death Attitude Profile Revised (PAM-R) and the Bugen Scale for Facing Death. The self-perceived preparation of students for caring for terminally ill patients can be considered "fair" (mean 2.15, SD 0.756), and this was also the case for their perceived emotional preparation (mean 2.19, SD 0.827). In contrast, the score obtained for their preparedness for treating non-terminal patients was higher (mean 2.99 and 3.16, respectively). Working with terminally ill patients, including terminal or geriatric cancer patients, was the least preferred option among future health professionals. The results obtained show a limited preference for end-of-life care and treatment, highlighting a lack of preparation and motivation among health science students in Spain and Bolivia for working with these patients.


Subject(s)
Attitude of Health Personnel , Attitude to Death , Students, Nursing , Aged , Bolivia , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Spain , Terminal Care
5.
Rev. ecuat. neurol ; Rev. ecuat. neurol;27(1): 30-33, sep.-dic. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1004006

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The symbol digit modality test is a reactive which provides great support in neuropsychological evaluation. Its execution permits to evaluate brain functions such as visual perception, stimuli recognition, attention (focal, selective and sustained), task supervision, interference control among others. OBJECT: The purpose of the current research study was to analyze the normative percentiles of the execution of the test, to identify the performance activity of the reactive according to age group and gender; applying the test in a sample of college students. METHOD: The sample included 250 university students,142 (56.8%) males and 108 (43.2%) females. The age range of the participants was between 18 and 34 years old (M=21.53, DE=2.25). A transversal, non-experimental, quantitative research model with a correlational scope was used. RESULTS: The correct answer average for the test was 52.83 (DE=13,60) and for percentile P5 31,55 right answers were found; for percentile P75 60,00 right answers, P25 had 46,00 right answers, and for P95 74,45 right answers were found. No significant differences were found for the mean of errors in the test in terms of age group f(3, 246)=0,67, p=0,57 and gender t(248)=0,68, p=0,49 of the participants as comparison factor. CONCLUSIONS: Results were discussed based on prior research pointing out the importance of counting with a first statistical parameter of the test as ground for neuropsychological clinical practice in Ecuador.


RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El test de símbolos y dígitos es un reactivo de gran apoyo en la evaluación neuropsicológica. Su ejecución permite la valoración de funciones cerebrales como la percepción visual, el reconocimiento de estímulos, la atención (focalizada, selectiva y sostenida), supervisión de tareas, control de la interferencia y otras. OBJETIVO: En el presente artículo se reporta una investigación que tuvo como finalidad analizar los percentiles normativos de la ejecución del test, identificar las diferencias en el rendimiento del reactivo, según grupo etario y género de los valores del test al ser aplicado en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios. MÉTODO: La muestra estuvo conformada por 250 estudiantes universitarios, 142 (56,8%) hombres y 108 (43,2%) mujeres. El rango de edad de los participantes fue entre 18 y 34 años de edad (M=21,53, DE=2,25). Se utilizó un diseño de investigación cuantitativo, transversal, no experimental y alcance correlacional. RESULTADOS: Se encontró que la media de aciertos en el test es de 52,83 (DE=13,60) y en el percentil P5 se encontraron 31,55 aciertos; el el percentil P25 existieron 46,00 aciertos, en el percentil P75 se hallaron 60,00 aciertos y en el percentil P95 se encontraron 74,45 aciertos. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la media de errores del test, considerando el grupo etario f(3, 246)=0,67, p=0,57 y género t(248)=0,68, p=0,49 de los participantes como factor de comparación. CONCLUSIONES: Se discuten los resultados en torno a investigaciones previas, mencionando la importancia de contar con un primer parámetro estadístico del test como base para la práctica clínica neuropsicológica en Ecuador.

6.
Entropy (Basel) ; 20(1)2018 Jan 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33265123

ABSTRACT

The spiking activity of neuronal networks follows laws that are not time-reversal symmetric; the notion of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons, stimulus correlations and noise correlations have a clear time order. Therefore, a biologically realistic statistical model for the spiking activity should be able to capture some degree of time irreversibility. We use the thermodynamic formalism to build a framework in the context maximum entropy models to quantify the degree of time irreversibility, providing an explicit formula for the information entropy production of the inferred maximum entropy Markov chain. We provide examples to illustrate our results and discuss the importance of time irreversibility for modeling the spike train statistics.

7.
Entropy (Basel) ; 20(8)2018 Aug 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33265662

ABSTRACT

We consider the maximum entropy Markov chain inference approach to characterize the collective statistics of neuronal spike trains, focusing on the statistical properties of the inferred model. To find the maximum entropy Markov chain, we use the thermodynamic formalism, which provides insightful connections with statistical physics and thermodynamics from which large deviations properties arise naturally. We provide an accessible introduction to the maximum entropy Markov chain inference problem and large deviations theory to the community of computational neuroscience, avoiding some technicalities while preserving the core ideas and intuitions. We review large deviations techniques useful in spike train statistics to describe properties of accuracy and convergence in terms of sampling size. We use these results to study the statistical fluctuation of correlations, distinguishability, and irreversibility of maximum entropy Markov chains. We illustrate these applications using simple examples where the large deviation rate function is explicitly obtained for maximum entropy models of relevance in this field.

8.
Rev. Soc. Venez. Microbiol ; 33(1): 24-27, jun. 2013. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-703755

ABSTRACT

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la capacidad inmunomoduladora de dos cepas de L. paracasei (66 y 71) y una de L. rhamnosus (75) aisladas de leche materna y heces de lactante, en Mérida, Venezuela, caracterizadas como potencialmente probióticas en estudios previos. Las bacterias fueron administradas a ratones BALB/c en el agua de bebida durante 7 días. Con los fluidos intestinales se realizaron pruebas de ELISA para determinar los valores de las citoquinas IFN-γ e IL-10. Se realizó la coloración de hematoxilina-eosina a cortes histológicos del intestino delgado para observar posibles reacciones inflamatorias. Para el análisis estadístico, se utilizó la prueba de ANOVA de una vía, seguido del test post hoc de Tukey, considerando a p<0,05 como significativo. Se observaron incrementos significativos, por encima del grupo control, en las concentraciones de IFN-γ e IL-10 en el fluido intestinal de los ratones alimentados con las cepas 71 y 75. No se observaron reacciones inflamatorias en el intestino delgado. Al inducir un aumento en la producción de las citoquinas, estas cepas fueron capaces de estimular el sistema inmune manteniendo la homeostasis, por lo que pueden ser utilizadas como adyuvantes del sistema inmune intestinal, sin producir efectos secundarios indeseables.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulating capacity of two L. paracasei strains (66 and 71), and one L. rhamnosus (75) isolated from breast milk and lactating children feces in Mérida, Venezuela, characterized as potentially probiotic in previous studies. The bacteria were administered to BALB/c mice in their drinking water during 7 days. Intestinal fluids were tested by ELISA to determine IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokines values. Histological sections of the small intestine were stained with hematoxilin-eosin to detect possible inflammatory reactions. The statistical analysis was done by a one way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey post hoc test, considering p<0.05 as significant. There were significant increases, as compared with the control group, of INF-γ and IL.10 concentrations in the intestinal fluid of mice fed with strains 71 and 75. There were no inflammatory reactions of the small intestine tissue. By inducing an increase in cytokine production, these strains were capable of stimulating the immune system maintaining homeostasis, due to which they can be used as adjuvant of the immune intestinal system, without producing undesirable side effects.

9.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24483421

ABSTRACT

We study the diffusion of an ensemble of overdamped particles sliding over a tilted random potential (produced by the interaction of a particle with a random polymer) with long-range correlations. We found that the diffusion properties of such a system are closely related to the correlation function of the corresponding potential. We model the substrate as a symbolic trajectory of a shift space which enables us to obtain a general formula for the diffusion coefficient when normal diffusion occurs. The total time that the particle takes to travel through n monomers can be seen as an ergodic sum to which we can apply the central limit theorem. The latter can be implemented if the correlations decay fast enough in order for the central limit theorem to be valid. On the other hand, we presume that when the central limit theorem breaks down the system give rise to anomalous diffusion. We give two examples exhibiting a transition from normal to anomalous diffusion due to this mechanism. We also give analytical expressions for the diffusion exponents in both cases by assuming convergence to a stable law. Finally we test our predictions by means of numerical simulations.

10.
Rev. Fac. Farm. (Merida) ; 32: 4-13, 1996. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-259312

ABSTRACT

Desde siempre, en casi todo el mundo las zoonosis han representado un grave problema económico. Bastante significativas han sido las pérdidas que registran los productores, en especial los dedicados a la críade ganado. Igualmente importante, pero con menor atención, es la mantenida aparición de enfermedades adquiridas por el humano a través del manejo y consumo de productos derivados de animales enfermos. El caso control y la poca vigilancia que actualmente se realiza a este respecto, aunando al inmenso desconocimiento sobre estas antropozoonosis, han permitido la diseminación de las mismas. Es importante señalar, que el dignóstico presuntivo de estas infecciones se halla bastante limitado, debido a la existencia de escasos métodos o equipos que den resultados confiables y específicos. A raíz de esto, nos propusimos el desarrollo de una prueba inmunoenzimática (ELISA) capaz de detectar anticuerpos séricos para el diagnóstico de la infección por especies de brucella. Mediante la utilización de un antígeno salino extractable o BCSP (tabatabai 1984), pudimos estandarizar una prueba Elisa que nos permite detectar en forma específica inmunoglobulinas tipo G (IgG) anti-brucella. La brucelosis Humana se caracteriza por presentar sintomatología similar a otras entidades clínicas (López M. 1989). Al no ser detectada se vuelve crónica y produce lesiones irreversibles en el humano, mientras que si se detecta a tiempo; el tratamiento puede llevar a una cura total. La utilización de la presente prueba, acompañada de la evaluación clínica y epidemiológica de los pacientes; presenta una orientación más directa hacia la detección de la infección en el humano. Creemos que es necesario hacer mejoras a la misma, pero su aplicación actual suministrará una herramienta diagnóstica más eficaz y útil en el control y prevención de la brucelosis humana


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Adult , Brucellosis/classification , Brucellosis/epidemiology , Brucellosis/prevention & control , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Immunoglobulins/classification , Therapeutics
11.
Rev. colomb. radiol ; 6(1): 48-60, nov. 1994. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-293697

ABSTRACT

En el presente artículo se hace una revisión de la literatura mas recientemente publicada sobre la imagenología de las lesiones intraventriculares, destacando su orígen, incidencia, aspecto escanográfico, imágen por resonancia magnética y diagnóstico tisular con base en su distribución por edad y localización anatómica. Para su abordaje diagnóstico se han dividido en lesiones atriales, del cuerpo de los ventrículos laterales, cercanas al agujero de Monro, del tercer ventrículo y del cuarto ventrículo


Subject(s)
Humans , Cerebrum/abnormalities , Cerebrum/anatomy & histology , Cerebrum/pathology , Tomography/statistics & numerical data , Cerebral Ventricles/abnormalities
12.
Med. UIS ; 7(1): 6-12, ene.-mar. 1993. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-232214

ABSTRACT

La resonancia magnética es uno de los métodos diagnóstico por imagen de mayor aceptación en la actualidad por seguridad biológica y elevada sensibilidad. Los agentes de contraste se clasifican en sustancias paramagnéticas y agentes ferromagnéticos. Las sustencias paramagnéticas, al modificar los tiempos de relajación de los tejidos, fuente importante de las señales que determinan la imagen, mejoran el contraste, sensibilidad y en muchos casos aumentan la especificidad. En el grupo de los quelatos paramagnéticos, el gadopentetato de dimeglumina es el agente de contraste mejor estudiado y con mayor aplicación clínica. Se describen las propiedades farmacocinéticas y de tolerancia de este compuesto


Subject(s)
Humans , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/adverse effects , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Contrast Media/adverse effects , Contrast Media/standards
14.
Med. UIS ; 4(2): 72-6, abr.-jun. 1990. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-232317

ABSTRACT

La resonancia Nuclear Magnética (MNR), un método diagnóstico recientemente introducido en medicina, obtiene imágenes de los tejidos biológicos, por la interacción entre un poderoso imán y pequeños campos magnéticos de los protones de hidrógeno, los cuales bajola influencia del imán, rotan alrededor del vector principal de magnetización (movimiento de precesión),con una frecuencia específica. Una onda convencional de radio en el mismo rango de frecuencia estimula los protones por períodos breves, cuando ésta cesa hace que ellos originen ondas que son transmitidas a un computador. La intensidad de la señal originada en los tejidos es analizada y transformada en imagen. En el presente artículo son revisados los principios físicos de este proceso


Subject(s)
Humans , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/instrumentation , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Physics/instrumentation
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