ABSTRACT
Apples (Malus domestica) are one of the most consumed fruits globally. It is a relevant crop in Argentina and Spain, and one of the main fruits for export and industrialization in these countries. Quality control of apples, fundamentally in the postharvest stage, is critical to prevent fungal diseases. The blue mould, caused by Penicillium expansum, is responsible for great economic losses due to the deterioration of the fruit and mycotoxin production. Many studies have characterized this pathogen; however, little is known about the differences between populations from distant geographical origins. The objective of the present study was to characterize two P. expansum populations, from Argentina and Spain, through morphological, metabolomic and molecular approaches, and to evaluate the existence of differences related to their geographical source. A total of 103 isolates, 53 from Argentina and 50 from Spain were studied. Their morphological features were consistent with the species description. The secondary metabolite profiles revealed low chemical diversity. All 103 isolates shared the production of 13 compounds, namely andrastins, aurantioclavine, chaetoglobosins, communesins, expansolides, roquefortine C and patulin. Penostatins and citrinin were produced by 102 and 101 isolates, respectively. A region of the ß-tubulin gene was selected to analyse the diversity of the P. expansum isolates. No substantial differences were observed between isolates of different geographical origins through morphology, patulin accumulation, secondary metabolite profiles and phylogenetic analysis. However, the analysis of polymorphisms revealed 29 haplotypes with a relative separation between isolates of both populations; 13 haplotypes contained Argentinean isolates, while Spanish isolates were separated into 16 haplotypes. The diversity indices of Shannon (H'=2.075; H'=2.402) and Simpson (SiD = 0.850; SiD = 0.895) for isolates from Argentina and Spain, respectively, indicated that the diversity of P. expansum is greater in Spain than in Argentina. This distribution could be explained both by the existence of haplotype exchange between both countries, with the ancestral haplotypes originating in Spain, and the subsequent adaptation to the environmental conditions or apples varieties grown in each region.
Subject(s)
Malus , Patulin , Penicillium , Argentina , Fruit/microbiology , Malus/microbiology , Patulin/analysis , Penicillium/genetics , Penicillium/metabolism , Phylogeny , SpainABSTRACT
Determinar la Estructura y Función Familiar de pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis en el Primer nivel de atención. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal de 48 pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis, que se encuentren en el Programa de control de Tuberculosis de los Establecimientos de Salud del Primer Nivel de Atención, de la Microred Chosica I de la DISA IV Lima Este, entre los meses de Enero a Marzo del 2012. Resultados: 34 varones (70.8 por ciento), y 14 mujeres (29.2 por ciento); siendo el promedio de la edad de 24.8+/-18.4 años. El 66.7 por ciento fueron pacientes solteros. El 50.7 por ciento tenían grado de instrucción secundaria. El 75 por ciento de pacientes nacieron en Lima. El 41.7 por ciento eran estudiantes. El 25 por ciento vivían en condiciones de hacinamiento. El 50 por ciento de los pacientes provenían de familias medianas. El tipo de familia de mayor frecuencia fue la extensa (83.3 por ciento). El ciclo vital de mayor frecuencia fue el de extensión (75 por ciento). El tipo de relación familiar de mayor frecuencia fue la relación conflictiva (52.1 por ciento). El 25 por ciento de los pacientes tenían antecedente de consumo de alcohol y drogas, y el 8.3 por ciento eran desnutridos crónicos. EL 33.3 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron tuberculosis pulmonar. El 16.7 por ciento tuvo antecedente de tuberculosis previa. El 58.3 por ciento tuvieron contacto epidemiológico. El 16.7 por ciento presentaron tuberculosis pulmonar. El 33.3 por ciento de madres presentaron antecedente de artrosis. El 16.7 por ciento de los cónyuges presentaron tuberculosis pulmonar. En cuanto a los hijos el 8.3 por ciento presento tuberculosis pulmonar. En lo referente a morbilidad familiar por tuberculosis en la familia encontramos que el 58.3 por ciento presenta morbilidad. El 41.7 por ciento tuvo disfunción moderada. Conclusiones: Encontramos una alta frecuencia de familias disfuncionales...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Medication Adherence , Family Relations , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Observational Studies as Topic , Retrospective Studies , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To identify the health-risk behaviour of various homogeneous clusters of individuals. STUDY DESIGN: The study was conducted in 13 of the 20 Croatian counties and in Zagreb, the Croatian capital. In the first stage, general practices were selected in each county. The second-stage sample was created by drawing a random subsample of 10% of the patients registered at each selected general practice. METHODS: The sample was divided into seven homogenous clusters using statistical methodology, combining multiple factor analysis with a hybrid clustering method. RESULTS: Seven homogeneous clusters were identified, three composed of males and four composed of females, based on statistically significant differences between selected characteristics (P<0.001). Although, in general, self-assessed health declined with age, significant variations were observed within specific age intervals. Higher levels of self-assessed health were associated with higher levels of education and/or socio-economic status. Many individuals, especially females, who self-reported poor health were heavy consumers of sleeping pills. Males and females reported different health-risk behaviours related to lifestyle, diet and use of the healthcare system. Heavy alcohol and tobacco use, unhealthy diet, risky physical activity and non-use of the healthcare system influenced self-assessed health in males. Females were slightly less satisfied with their health than males of the same age and educational level. Even highly educated females who took preventive healthcare tests and ate a healthy diet reported a less satisfactory self-assessed level of health than expected. CONCLUSION: Sociodemographic characteristics, life style, self-assessed health and use of the healthcare system were used in the identification of seven homogeneous population clusters. A comprehensive analysis of these clusters suggests health-related prevention and intervention efforts geared towards specific populations.
Subject(s)
Health Behavior , Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Risk-Taking , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Cluster Analysis , Croatia/epidemiology , Female , Health Status , Health Status Disparities , Humans , Life Style , Male , Middle Aged , Preventive Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Sex Factors , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Se evaluó el efecto de 40 mg de Lovastatina en comparación con 900 mg de Gemfibrozil en 32 pacientes con hiper-colesterolemia primaria e hipertriglicidemia, después de un período de dieta tipo I de acuerdo a la Sociedad Americana de Cardiologia. En ambos grupos se produjo un descenso en los niveles de colesterol, siendo más pronunciado en el grupo que recibió Lovastatina con un descenso promedio de 92 mg/dl Vs. 58,5 mg/dl de Gemfibrozil. En relación a los triglicéridos los descensos fueron de 99 mg/dl para el grupo de Lovastatina y de 149,9 mg/dl en el grupo de Gemfibrozil. No se reportaron efectos secundarios en el grupo que recibió Lovastatina, el grupo con Gemfibrozil (5/16) en 31 por ciento presentaron efectos en el área gastrointestinal
