Trends in mental health before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal survey of a conflict-affected population in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Focusing on the Meta region in Colombia, we investigated the relationship between mental health, the COVID-19 pandemic, and social determinants of health influenced by over five decades of civil conflict. We studied the post-2016 peace agreement trends in mental health for the population of Meta, before and after the local onset of the pandemic. METHOD: We conducted three rounds of a longitudinal health survey in years 2018 with N = 1309 (Women = 709; Men = 600); 2019 with N = 1106 (Women = 597; Men = 509); and 2020 with N = 905 (Women = 499; Men = 406). We measured mental health through the Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20), investigating population trends in the average SRQ score and SRQ-positive frequency (SRQ + , indicating positive tendency towards experiencing mental health disorders). RESULTS: Between 2018 and 2020, there were reductions in the mean SRQ-20 score by 1.74 points (95% CI -2.30 to -1.18) and in SRQ + frequency by 15 percentage points (95% CI -21.0 to -9.0) for the Meta population. Yet specific subgroups have become more vulnerable to mental illness during the pandemic, for example older age groups (e.g., increase in mean SRQ score among over 60 s by 2.49 points, 95% CI 0.51 to 4.46) and people living with children younger than five years-old (e.g., increase in mean SRQ score by 0.64 points, 95% CI 0.07 to 1.20). Increased mental health vulnerability among specific subgroups may be related to differences in the likelihood of knowing people who tested positive for COVID-19 or died from itf having been in quarantine. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the importance of public policies in Colombia (and other low- and middle-income countries) that address the social determinants of mental illness whose influence was likely exacerbated by the pandemic, including persistent job insecurity leading to work and financial pressures, and inadequate support networks for isolated individuals and vulnerable caregivers.

BVDV-1 induces interferon-beta gene expression through a pathway involving IRF1, IRF7, and NF-κB activation.

The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV-1) is a pathogen with the capacity to modulate the interferon type I system. To further investigate the effects of BVDV-1 on the production of the immune response, the Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell line was infected with the cytopathic CH001 field isolate of BVDV-1, and the IFNbeta expression profiles were analyzed. The results showed that cpBVDV-1 was able to induce the production of IFNbeta in a way similar to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, but with less intensity. Interestingly, all cpBVDV-1 activities were blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of the IRF-1, IRF-7, and NF-κB signaling pathway, and the level of IFNbeta decreased at the level of transcript and protein. These results, together with in silico analyses showing the presence of several regulatory consensus target motifs, suggest that cpBVDV-1 regulates IFNbeta expression in bovines through the activation of several key transcription factors. Collectively, the results suggest that during cpBVDV-1 infection, cross talk is evident between various signaling pathways involved in transcriptional activation of IFNbeta in cattle.

Prolactin peptide (pPRL) induces anti-prolactin antibodies, ROS and cortisol but suppresses specific immune responses in rainbow trout.

Prolactin has several immune functions in fish however, the effects on innate and specific components of rainbow trout immunity are currently unknown. Therefore in this study, prolactin peptide (pPRL) injection in rainbow trout generated anti-PRL antibodies that were confirmed through Western blot assays of fish brain tissue extract. At the same time, this group of fish was immunized with a viral antigen (VP2) and the specific antibody titer generated by the rainbow trout was subsequently determined, as well as the sero-neutralizing capacity of the antibodies. Interestingly, this group of fish (pPRL-VP2) generated approximately 150% less antibodies compared with fish immunized only with the viral antigen (VP2), and pPRL-VP2 fish increased their cortisol level by 4 times compared to the control. Additionally, through qPCR assay, we determined that the pPRL-VP2 fish group decreased pro-inflammatory transcript expression, and the serum of these (pPRL-VP2) fish stimulated ROS production in untreated fish leukocytes, a phenomenon that was blocked by the pharmacological cortisol receptor inhibitor (RU486). Collectively, this is the first report that indicates that pPRL could modulate both components of immunity in rainbow trout.

Sumoylation of nucleoprotein (NP) mediated by activation of NADPH oxidase complex is a consequence of oxidative cellular stress during infection by Infectious salmon anemia (ISA) virus necessary to viral progeny.

The study evaluated the effects of nucleoprotein viral and the infectious virus in SHK-1 cells. The results show a strong respiratory burst activation and the induction of p47phox, SOD, GLURED, and apoptotic genes. Additionally, the cells alter the profile of SUMOylated proteins by the effect of transfection and infection experiments. In silico analyses show a set of structural motifs in NP susceptible of post-translational modification by the SUMO protein. Interestingly, the inhibition of the NADPH oxidase complex blocked the production of reactive oxygen species and the high level of cellular ROS due to the nucleoprotein and the ISAv. At the same time, the blocking of the p38MAPK signaling pathway and the use of Aristotelia chilensis, decreased viral progeny production. These results suggest that the NP triggers a strong production of ROS and modifying the post-translational profile mediated by SUMO-2/3, a phenomenon that favors the production of new virions.

Abordaje alternativo torácico. Tratamiento quirúrgico de la hernia discal torácica. Caso clínico / Alternative thoracic approach. Surgical treatment of the thoracic disc hernia. Clinical case

Introducción El objetivo de este trabajo es describir una modificación en la técnica de la vía de abordaje posterior como alternativa viable en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la discopatía torácica. Materiales y métodos Paciente femenina de 29 años con diagnóstico de hernia discal torácica central (T11) sintomática. Se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico mediante discectomía por abordaje posterior modificado. Resultados Evolución favorable con reversión total de los síntomas y signos presentados, sin complicaciones perioperatorias, y seguimiento a los 3 y 6 meses con controles clínicos, radiográficos y tomográficos aceptables. Discusión Se describieron para el tratamiento de la discopatía torácica sintomática numerosos abordajes anteriores, posteriores y toracoscópicos. No hay precedente publicado en la bibliografía sobre por vía posterior modificada utilizada como alternativa de tratamiento de esta patología. En la actualidad, todas las técnicas descritas son opción válida para el tratamiento de las discopatías torácicas sintomáticas. A pesar de ser un solo caso tratado con el tipo de abordaje empleado, la intención es convertirlo en una alternativa válida para los cirujanos espinales no familiarizados con la vía anterior. Aún faltan estudios prospectivos, de mayor seguimiento y con mayor número de pacientes para validar la técnica quirúrgica empleada. Nivel de evidencia clínica Nivel IV.

Background The aim of this paper is to describe a modification in the posterior approach technique as a viable alternative in the surgical treatment of thoracic disc disease. Materials and methods A 29-year-old female patient with a diagnosis of a symptomatic central (T11) thoracic disc herniation. Surgical treatment was performed by discectomy by modified posterior approach. Results The outcome was favourable with total reversion of the signs and symptoms presented. There were no perioperative complications, and follow-up at 3 and 6 months was acceptable with clinical, radiographic and tomographic controls. Discussion Numerous anterior, posterior and thoracoscopic approaches have described for the treatment of symptomatic thoracic disc disease. There is no precedent published in the literature on the modified posterior route used as an alternative treatment of this pathology. At present, all the techniques described are a valid option for the treatment of symptomatic thoracic disc diseases. Despite being a single case treated with the type of approach employed, the intention is making it a valid alternative for spinal surgeons unfamiliar with the anterior route. There is a lack of prospective studies, with longer follow-up and a larger number of patients in order to validate the surgical technique used. Evidence level IV.

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus infection of fish cell lines: Preliminary analysis of gene expressions related to extracellular matrix remodeling and immunity.

The pathogenic infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) causes high economic losses in fish farming. This virus can modulate several cellular processes during infection, but little is known about the infection mechanism. To investigate gene activation in response to IPNV, CHSE/F and SHK-1 cell line were infected with a cytopathic Sp field isolate of IPNV, and the expression profiles of proinflammatory, antiviral cytokine, and extracellular matrix markers were analyzed. IPNV induced the production of perlecan, fibulin-1, matrix metalloproteinase-2, 14-3-3ß, interleukin-1ß, Mx1, and interferon regulatory factors-1, -3, and -9. Interestingly, IPNV-mediated activity was blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of the NF-κB signaling pathway. These results, together with in silico analyses showing the presence of several regulatory consensus-target motifs, suggest that IPNV regulates gene expressions in fish through the activation of several key transcription factors. Collectively, these data indicate that IPNV is a viral regulator of expression for extracellular-matrix and immune markers, even during early infection. Finally, this is the first report in fish to find IPNV modulating the activation of interleukin-1ß production primarily through the NF-κB pathway.

Bovine A20 gene overexpression during bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 infection blocks NF-κB pathway in MDBK cells.

Viruses have developed cellular strategies to ensure progeny survival. One of the most interesting is immune camouflage, where the virus triggers a controlled-intensity immune response that prevents total destruction of the infected cell, thus "winning time" for the virus. This study explored the regulatory contexts of the bovine A20 gene during bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1 infection, using IL-8 as an immune-response sentinel molecule. Assessments were conducted through RT-qPCR, Western blotting, gene silencing/overexpression, luciferase assays, and the use of pharmacological inhibitors, among other approaches. The results demonstrated that a) BVDV-1 increased A20 levels in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells, b) increased A20 led to decreased IL-8 expression, and c) the virus affected the NF-κB signaling pathway. Collectively, these data identify bovine A20 as a strong regulator of immune marker expression. In conclusion, this is the first report on BVDV-1 modulating bovine IL-8 activation through the NF-κB/A20 pathway.

Artrodesis circunferencial: Plif más tornillos translaminofacetarios / Artrodese circunferencial: Plif mais parafusos translaminares facetários / Circumferential fusion: Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (plif) and translaminar facet screw fixation

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el resultado clínico y radiológico de 10 pacientes operados por patología degenerativa lumbar, en los que se les realizó artrodesis intersomática con injerto óseo tricortical de cresta ilíaca y artrodesis posterolateral instrumentada con tornillos translaminofacetarios. MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron 10 pacientes, 4 hombres y 6 mujeres operados por el mismo cirujano entre junio de 2006 y diciembre de 2007. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un significativo descenso de la discapacidad y del dolor (según las escalas de Oswestry y la escala visual analógica), obteniéndose una tasa de fusión del 100% al año de seguimiento. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados clínicos y radiológicos de este estudio establecen a éste procedimiento como confiable, de bajo costo y baja morbilidad, con una alta tasa de fusión y buenos resultados clínicos.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o resultado clínico e radiológico de 10 pacientes operados devido a doença degenerativa lombar, nos quais se realizou artrodese intersomática com enxerto ósseo tricortical da crista ilíaca e artrodese póstero-lateral instrumentada com parafusos translaminares facetários. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 10 pacientes, quatro homens e seis mulheres, operados pelo mesmo cirurgião entre junho de 2006 e dezembro de 2007. RESULTADOS: Atingiu-se queda significante da incapacidade e da dor (segundo a escala de Oswestry e a escala visual analógica), atingindo-se taxa de artrodese de 100% em um ano de acompanhamento. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados clínicos e radiológicos deste estudo estabelecem que este procedimento é confiável, de baixo custo e de baixa morbidade, com alta taxa de artrodese e bons resultados clínicos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and radiological results of 10 patients operated for degenerative lumbar disease, by performing tricortical bone graft from the iliac crest and instrumented posterior lateral fusion with translaminar facet screw fixation. METHODS: We evaluated 10 patients, four men and six women, operated by the same surgeon between June 2006 and December 2007. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction of disability and pain (according to the scale of Oswestry and visual analog scale), reaching fusion rate of 100% in one-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical and radiological results of this study establish that this procedure is reliable, has low cost and low morbidity with a high rate of fusion and good clinical results.