Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of Kato-Katz and circulating cathodic antigen in terms of Schistosoma japonicum using latent class analysis.

Schistosoma japonicum is endemic in the Philippines. The Kato-Katz (KK) method was used to diagnose S. japonicum. This is impractical, particularly when the sample size is limited. Knowledge on point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) test performance for S. japonicum is limited. Determining the sensitivity and specificity of new diagnostics is difficult when the gold standard test is less effective or absent. Latent class analysis (LCA) can address some limitations. A total of 484 children and 572 adults from the Philippines were screened for S. japonicum. We performed Bayesian LCA to estimate the infection prevalence, sensitivity and specificity of each test by stratifying them into two age groups. Observed prevalence assessed by KK was 50.2% and 31.8%, and by CCA was 89.9% and 66.8%, respectively. Using Bayesian LCA, among children, the sensitivity and specificity of CCA were 94.8% (88.7-99.4) and 21.5% (10.5-36.1) while those of KK were 66.0% (54.2-83.3) and 78.1% (61.1-91.3). Among adults, the sensitivity and specificity of CCA were 86.4% (76.6-96.9) and 62.8% (49.1-81.1) while those of KK were 43.6% (35.1-53.9) and 85.5% (75.8-94.6). Overall, CCA was more sensitive than KK, regardless of the age group at diagnosis, as KK was more specific. KK and CCA have different diagnostic performance, which should inform their use in the planning and implementation of S. japonicum control programs.

Antimullerian Hormone, a Marker of Ovarian Reserve, Is Protective Against Presence and Severity of NASH in Premenopausal Women.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Antimüllerian hormone (AMH) is a marker of ovarian reserve with emerging data linking lower levels to some metabolic and inflammatory diseases in women. Whether AMH levels influence nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is unknown. METHODS: Leveraging the NASH Clinical Research Network we determined the association of AMH levels within 6 months of liver biopsy with presence and severity of histologic measures of NAFLD in premenopausal women. Outcomes included presence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), presence and severity of fibrosis, and NAFLD Activity Score and its components. Logistic and ordinal logistic regression models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, body mass index, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, estrogen-progestin use, and menstrual cyclicity. RESULTS: Median cohort age was 35 years; 73% were white and 24% Hispanic. Thirty-three percent had diabetes, 81% had obesity, and 95% had dyslipidemia. On biopsy 71% had NASH, 68% had any fibrosis, and 15% had advanced fibrosis. On adjusted analysis (n = 205), higher AMH quartiles were inversely associated with NAFLD histology including prevalent NASH (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-1.00), NAFLD Activity Score ≥5 (AOR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.35-0.77), Mallory hyaline (AOR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.35-0.82), and higher fibrosis stage (AOR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51-0.98). The protective effects of AMH were more pronounced among women without polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 164), including lower odds of NASH (AOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.32-0.90) and any NASH fibrosis (AOR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.32-0.93). CONCLUSIONS: AMH may reflect a unique biomarker of NASH in premenopausal women and findings suggest a novel link between reproductive aging and histologic severity of NAFLD in women.

Age-Related Differences in Anxiety and Depression Diagnosis among Adults in Puerto Rico during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Residents of Puerto Rico bear a significant burden of mental health disorders, which the COVID-19 pandemic may have exacerbated. However, age-specific data on these disorders during the pandemic in Puerto Rico are scarce. This study evaluated age-related differences in the self-reported diagnosis of depression and anxiety among adults ≥18 years residing in Puerto Rico during the pandemic. An anonymous online survey was administered from December 2020 to February 2021 via Google Forms to measure self-reported sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics and physician-diagnosed mental health disorders. Multivariable logistic regression models were conducted for each self-reported mental health diagnosis after adjusting for sex, education, income, marital status, chronic diseases, and smoking. Out of 1945 adults, 50% were aged 40 years and over. Nearly 24% of responders self-reported an anxiety diagnosis, whereas 15.9% reported depression. Compared to individuals 50 years and over, those 18-29 y, 30-39 y, and 40-49 y had significantly higher odds of an anxiety diagnosis (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.34-2.55; OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.09-2.07; and OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.01-1.87, respectively). However, no association between age and depression diagnosis was found. Despite anxiety and depression being frequent disorders during the pandemic in this sample, younger adults bear a higher burden of anxiety. Further research is needed to allocate appropriate mental health resources during emergencies according to population subgroups.

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease and Comorbid Risk Factors in Patients in Puerto Rico with Schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: The mortality rate of schizophrenia patients is higher than that of the general population; cardiovascular disease (CVD) is their leading cause of death. This issue must be studied since people with schizophrenia are disproportionately burdened with CVD. Therefore, our goal was to identify the prevalence of CVD and other comorbidities, stratified by age and gender, in patients with schizophrenia living in Puerto Rico. METHODS: A retrospective, case-control, descriptive study was conducted. Subjects in this study were admitted to Dr. Federico Trilla's hospital from 2004 through 2014 for both psychiatric- and non psychiatric conditions. The sample populations were stratified by the confounding variables of tobacco use and alcohol abuse, and the resulting stratification was analyzed with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method. RESULTS: A higher frequency of CVDs was noted in the patients with schizophrenia compared to those in the control group. Although hypertension was the most frequent pathology encountered in both groups, ischemic heart disease was approximately four times more frequent in the patients with schizophrenia. CVD represented 58.4% and 52.7% in the schizophrenia and non-schizophrenia groups, respectively, although a statistically significant difference was not observed. The prevalence of malignancies in patients without schizophrenia was higher than in patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, the prevalence of asthma was 10.9% in the control group compared to 5.3% in the schizophrenia group. CONCLUSION: These findings should motivate a systematic approach to prioritizing the aggressive management, early diagnosis, and prevention of comorbid risk factors in patients with schizophrenia.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in women of reproductive age.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) occurs in approximately 10% of all reproductive-age women, with over 50% of these patients having imaging-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Whether PCOS increases the risk for more clinically relevant disease, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is unclear. Such findings are relevant to prognosticating risk of progressive liver disease in the growing population of young adults with NAFLD. Using weighted discharge data from the United States National Inpatient Sample from 2016 to 2018, we evaluated the association of PCOS with the presence of NASH among reproductive-age women with NAFLD. The association of PCOS with NASH was assessed by logistic regression, adjusting for demographic and comprehensive metabolic comorbidities. Other causes of hepatic steatosis and chronic liver diseases were excluded. Our analysis included 189,440 reproductive-age women with NAFLD, 9415 of whom had PCOS. Of those with PCOS, 1390 (15%) had a distinct code for NASH. Women with PCOS were younger (median age, 33 vs. 40 years; p < 0.001) and more likely to have diabetes (37.0% vs. 34.0%), obesity (83.0% vs. 58.0%), dyslipidemia (26.0% vs. 21.0%), and hypertension (38.0% vs. 35.0%) (all p ≤ 0.01). On adjusted analysis accounting for these metabolic comorbidities, PCOS remained independently associated with an increased prevalence of NASH (adjusted odds ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.42; p = 0.008). Conclusions: Among reproductive-age women with NAFLD, metabolic risk factors were more common in those with PCOS. Despite adjustment for these metabolic comorbidities, PCOS remained associated with a 22% higher odds of having NASH. These findings support efforts to increase NAFLD screening in young women with PCOS and highlight the potential "head start" in progressive liver disease among young women with PCOS.

The Response of Layer Hen Productivity and Egg Quality to an Additional Limestone Source When Offered Diets Differing in Calcium Concentrations and the Inclusion of Phytase.

Laying hens require substantial quantities of calcium (Ca) to maintain egg production. However, maintaining recommended dietary Ca through inclusion of limestone may impede nutrient digestibility, including that of other minerals. It was hypothesized that providing a separate source of dietary Ca in the form of limestone grit would preserve Ca intake of hens offered diets containing suboptimal Ca concentrations. Furthermore, the impact of dietary phytase at a "superdosing" inclusion rate on the voluntary consumption of limestone grit was evaluated. One hundred and forty-four laying hens (19 weeks of age) were assigned to one of six dietary treatments in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement comprising three dietary Ca concentrations (40, 30, and 20 g/kg) and ±dietary phytase (3500 FYT/kg diet) on an ad libitum basis for six weeks. Limestone grit (3.4 ± 1.0 mm) was provided to all hens ad libitum. Hens offered diets containing phytase consumed significantly less limestone grit p = 0.024). Egg weight, rate of lay, and egg mass were unaffected by dietary treatment (p > 0.05). Egg shell weight % (p < 0.001), shell thickness (p < 0.001), and shell breaking strength (p < 0.01) decreased in line with dietary Ca levels. In summary, dietary superdosing with phytase reduced the consumption of a separate limestone source in individually housed, early lay ISA Brown hens. Egg shell quality variables but not egg production worsened in line with lower dietary Ca levels.

Blocking α4ß7 integrin delays viral rebound in SHIVSF162P3-infected macaques treated with anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies.

Anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) may favor development of antiviral immunity by engaging the immune system during immunotherapy. Targeting integrin α4ß7 with an anti-α4ß7 monoclonal antibody (Rh-α4ß7) affects immune responses in SIV/SHIV-infected macaques. To explore the therapeutic potential of combining bNAbs with α4ß7 integrin blockade, SHIVSF162P3-infected, viremic rhesus macaques were treated with bNAbs only (VRC07-523LS and PGT128 anti-HIV antibodies) or a combination of bNAbs and Rh-α4ß7 or were left untreated as a control. Treatment with bNAbs alone decreased viremia below 200 copies/ml in all macaques, but seven of eight macaques (87.5%) in the bNAbs-only group rebounded within a median of 3 weeks (95% CI: 2 to 9). In contrast, three of six macaques treated with a combination of Rh-α4ß7 and bNAbs (50%) maintained a viremia below 200 copies/ml until the end of the follow-up period; viremia in the other three macaques rebounded within a median of 6 weeks (95% CI: 5 to 11). Thus, there was a modest delay in viral rebound in the macaques treated with the combination antibody therapy compared to bNAbs alone. Our study suggests that α4ß7 integrin blockade may prolong virologic control by bNAbs in SHIVSF162P3-infected macaques.

Understanding the occurrence and distribution of emerging pollutants and endocrine disruptors in sensitive coastal South Florida Ecosystems.

Environmental exposure risk to different xenobiotics, which can potentially alter the function of the endocrine system, remains a great health and safety concern for aquatic species and humans. Steroid hormones, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been identified as important aquatic contaminants due to their widespread occurrence in surface waters and their endocrine disrupting properties. Heavily populated areas in South Florida not served by municipal wastewater collection present an unexpected high risk of anthropogenic contaminants to nearby coastal systems through surface runoff and groundwater flow. Previous studies in South Florida have been largely concentrated on assessing the relevance of the fate and transport of inorganic nutrients, heavy metals and pesticides with regulatory criteria. Therefore, a significant gap exists in assessing occurrence, distribution and biological significance of the presence of human related organic contaminants in natural surface waters. In this study, we have developed a fast and sensitive online solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-HRMS) method using a Q-Exactive system for the determination of the occurrence and distribution of selected wastewater tracers/indicators, recalcitrant PPCPs and steroid hormones in South Florida surface waters. Seasonal and spatial variations of these contaminants were monitored from 2017 to 2019. The presence of total coliforms and E. coli were also evaluated in order to further assess water quality. Correlations between hormones and anthropogenic tracers were explored to better elucidate the sources, pathways and exposure risks to these contaminants. Caffeine, sucralose, Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and carbamazepine were frequently detected in the water samples, which is indicative of extensive wastewater intrusion impacting the surface water. Estrone (E1), 17-ß-estradiol (E2), and 17-α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) levels found in surface water raises concern of potential endocrine disruption effects in the aquatic ecosystem. Hazard quotient has been calculated to identify areas with high ecological risks to aquatic organisms.

Diversity and Evolutionary Dynamics of Antiphage Defense Systems in Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex.

Over the years, many researchers have reported a great diversity of bacteriophages infecting members of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC). This diversity has driven bacterial evolution by leading the emergence and maintenance of bacterial defense systems to combat phage infection. In this work, we present an in silico study of the arsenal of defense systems that RSSC harbors and their evolutionary history. For this purpose, we used a combination of genomic, phylogenetic and associative methods. We found that in addition to the CRISPR-Cas system already reported, there are eight other antiphage defense systems including the well-known Restriction-Modification and Toxin-Antitoxin systems. Furthermore, we found a tenth defense system, which is dedicated to reducing the incidence of plasmid transformation in bacteria. We undertook an analysis of the gene gain and loss patterns of the defense systems in 15 genomes of RSSC. Results indicate that the dynamics are inclined toward the gain of defense genes as opposed to the rest of the genes that were preferably lost throughout evolution. This was confirmed by evidence on independent gene acquisition that has occurred by profuse horizontal transfer. The mutation and recombination rates were calculated as a proxy of evolutionary rates. Again, genes encoding the defense systems follow different rates of evolution respect to the rest of the genes. These results lead us to conclude that the evolution of RSSC defense systems is highly dynamic and responds to a different evolutionary regime than the rest of the genes in the genomes of RSSC.

A Tat/Rev Induced Limiting Dilution Assay to Measure Viral Reservoirs in Non-Human Primate Models of HIV Infection.

The establishment of latent infection and poorly characterized viral reservoirs in tissues represent major obstacles to a definitive cure for HIV. Non-human primate (NHP) models of HIV infection are critical to elucidate pathogenic processes and an essential tool to test novel therapeutic strategies. Thus, the availability of novel assays to measure residual viral replication and reservoirs in NHP models may increase their utility in the search for an HIV cure. We developed a tat/rev induced limiting dilution assay to measure the frequency of CD4+ T cells that express multiply-spliced(ms)_SIV RNA in presence and absence of stimulation. We validated the assay using cell lines and cells from blood and lymph nodes of SIV infected macaques. In vitro, SIV/SHIV TILDA detects only cells expressing viral proteins. In SIV/SHIV-infected macaques, CD4+ T cells that express msSIV/SHIV RNA (TILDA data) were detected also in the setting of very low/undetectable viremia. TILDA data were significantly higher after stimulation and correlated with plasma viral load (pVL). Interestingly, TILDA data from early cART initiation correlated with peak and AUC pVL post-cART interruption. In summary, we developed an assay that may be useful in characterizing viral reservoirs and determining the effect of HIV interventions in NHP models.

Delayed vaginal SHIV infection in VRC01 and anti-α4ß7 treated rhesus macaques.

VRC01 protects macaques from vaginal SHIV infection after a single high-dose challenge. Infusion of a simianized anti-α4ß7 mAb (Rh-α4ß7) just prior to, and during repeated vaginal exposures to SIVmac251 partially protected macaques from vaginal SIV infection and rescued CD4+ T cells. To investigate the impact of combining VRC01 and Rh-α4ß7 on SHIV infection, 3 groups of macaques were treated with a suboptimal dosing of VRC01 alone or in combination with Rh-α4ß7 or with control antibodies prior to the initiation of weekly vaginal exposures to a high dose (1000 TCID50) of SHIVAD8-EO. The combination Rh-α4ß7-VRC01 significantly delayed SHIVAD8-EO vaginal infection. Following infection, VRC01-Rh-α4ß7-treated macaques maintained higher CD4+ T cell counts and exhibited lower rectal SIV-DNA loads compared to controls. Interestingly, VRC01-Rh-α4ß7-treated macaques had fewer IL-17-producing cells in the blood and the gut during the acute phase of infection. Moreover, higher T cell responses to the V2-loop of the SHIVAD8-EO envelope in the VRC01-Rh-α4ß7 group inversely correlated with set point viremia. The combination of suboptimal amounts of VRC01 and Rh-α4ß7 delayed infection, altered antiviral immune responses and minimized CD4+ T cell loss. Further exploration of the effect of combining bNAbs with Rh-α4ß7 on SIV/HIV infection and antiviral immune responses is warranted and may lead to novel preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Mechanisms of MAFG Dysregulation in Cholestatic Liver Injury and Development of Liver Cancer.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: MAF bZIP transcription factor G (MAFG) is activated by the farnesoid X receptor to repress bile acid synthesis. However, expression of MAFG increases during cholestatic liver injury in mice and in cholangiocarcinomas. MAFG interacts directly with methionine adenosyltransferase α1 (MATα1) and other transcription factors at the E-box element to repress transcription. We studied mechanisms of MAFG up-regulation in cholestatic tissues and the pathways by which S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) prevent the increase in MAFG expression. We also investigated whether obeticholic acid (OCA), an farnesoid X receptor agonist, affects MAFG expression and how it contributes to tumor growth in mice. METHODS: We obtained 7 human cholangiocarcinoma specimens and adjacent non-tumor tissues from patients that underwent surgical resection in California and 113 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens and adjacent non-tumor tissues from China, along with clinical data from patients. Tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. MAT1A, MAT2A, c-MYC, and MAFG were overexpressed or knocked down with small interfering RNAs in MzChA-1, KMCH, Hep3B, and HepG2 cells; some cells were incubated with lithocholic acid (LCA, which causes the same changes in gene expression observed during chronic cholestatic liver injury in mice), SAMe, UDCA (100 µM), or farnesoid X receptor agonists. MAFG expression and promoter activity were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot, and transient transfection. We performed electrophoretic mobility shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to study proteins that occupy promoter regions. We studied mice with bile-duct ligation, orthotopic cholangiocarcinomas, cholestasis-induced cholangiocarcinoma, diethylnitrosamine-induced liver tumors, and xenograft tumors. RESULTS: LCA activated expression of MAFG in HepG2 and MzChA-1 cells, which required the activator protein-1, nuclear factor-κB, and E-box sites in the MAFG promoter. LCA reduced expression of MAT1A but increased expression of MAT2A in cells. Overexpression of MAT2A increased activity of the MAFG promoter, whereas knockdown of MAT2A reduced it. MAT1A and MAT2A had opposite effects on the activator protein-1, nuclear factor-κB, and E-box-mediated promoter activity. Expression of MAFG and MAT2A increased, and expression of MAT1A decreased, in diethylnitrosamine-induced liver tumors in mice. SAMe and UDCA had shared and distinct mechanisms of preventing LCA-mediated increased expression of MAFG. OCA increased expression of MAFG, MAT2A, and c-MYC, but reduced expression of MAT1A. Incubation of human liver and biliary cancer cells lines with OCA promoted their proliferation; in nude mice given OCA, xenograft tumors were larger than in mice given vehicle. Levels of MAFG were increased in human HCC and cholangiocarcinoma tissues compared with non-tumor tissues. High levels of MAFG in HCC samples correlated with hepatitis B, vascular invasion, and shorter survival times of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of MAFG increases in cells and tissues with cholestasis, as well as in human cholangiocarcinoma and HCC specimens; high expression levels correlate with tumor progression and reduced survival time. SAMe and UDCA reduce expression of MAFG in response to cholestasis, by shared and distinct mechanisms. OCA induces MAFG expression, cancer cell proliferation, and growth of xenograft tumors in mice.

Relevance of CEA and LDH in relation to KRAS status in patients with unresectable colorectal liver metastases.

BACKGROUND: While the significance of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) status as individual prognostic factors for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer has been addressed, the relationship and interdependence between these prognostic factors on survival is limited. METHODS: Patients with unresectable colorectal liver metastases with known KRAS status, and with baseline CEA and LDH levels who were treated with hepatic arterial infusion and systemic chemotherapy were identified. Patients were divided into two groups: hepatic-only disease and extra-hepatic disease. RESULTS: A total of 193 patients were included: 121 with hepatic-only and 72 with extra-hepatic disease. In the hepatic-only group, median overall survival (OS) was 55 months. On multivariate analysis, KRAS mutated tumors (HR 1.7, P < 0.05), LDH >200 U/L (HR 2.0, P < 0.05), and prior chemotherapy (HR 2.1, P < 0.05) had lower OS. In patients with extra-hepatic disease, median OS was 32 months. On multivariate analysis, baseline CEA >200 ng/mL (HR 2.1, P = 0.051), LDH >200 U/L (HR 3.8, P < 0.05), and right-sided tumors (HR 2.8, P < 0.05) had lower OS. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis verifies two distinct patterns in terms of biomarkers in patients with unresectable colorectal liver metastases. In patients with hepatic-only disease, KRAS mutation and elevated LDH negatively influenced survival. In patients with extra-hepatic disease, elevated LDH negatively impacted survival.

Study of As(III) and As(V) Oxoanion Adsorption onto Single and Mixed Ferrite and Hausmannite Nanomaterials.

The removal of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) from an aqueous solution through adsorption on to Fe3O4, MnFe2O4, 50% Mn substituted Fe3O4, 75% Mn substituted Fe3O4, and Mn3O4 nanomaterials was investigated. Characterization of the nanomaterials using XRD showed only pure phases for Mn3O4, MnFe2O4, and Fe3O4. The 50% and 75% substituted nanomaterials were found to be mixtures of Mn3O4 and Fe3O4. From batch studies the optimum binding pH of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) to the nanomaterials was determined to be pH 3. The binding capacity for As(III) and As(VI) to the various nanomaterials was determined using Isotherm studies. The binding capacity of Fe3O4 was determined to be 17.1 mg/g for arsenic(III) and 7.0 mg/g for arsenic(V). The substitution of 25% Mn into the Fe3O4 lattice showed a slight increase in the binding capacity for As(III) and As(VI) to 23.8 mg/g and 7.9 mg/g, respectively. The 50% substituted showed the maximum binding capacity of 41.5 mg/g and 13.9 mg/g for arsenic(III) and arsenic(V). The 75% Mn substituted Fe3O4 capacities were 16.7 mg/g for arsenic(III) and 8.2 mg/g for arsenic(V). The binding capacity of the Mn3O4 was determined to be 13.5 mg/g for arsenic(III) and 7.5 mg/g for arsenic(V). In addition, interference studies on the effects of SO2-4, PO3-4, Cl-, and NO-3 investigated. All the interferences had very minimal effects on the As(III) and As(V) binding never fell below 20% even in the presence of 1000 ppm interfering ions.

A microwave-assisted bismuth nitrate-catalyzed unique route toward 1,4-dihydropyridines.

The classical Hantzsch reaction is one of the simplest and most economical methods for the synthesis of biologically important and pharmacologically useful 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives. Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate under microwave irradiation is proven to act as a very efficient catalyst for a one-pot, three-component synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines in excellent yields from diverse amines/ammonium acetate, aldehydes and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds within 1-3 min under solvent-free conditions. The present environmentally benign procedure for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines is suitable for library synthesis and it will find application in the synthesis of potent biologically active molecules. The excellent yield and extreme rapidity of the method is due to a concurrent effect of the catalyst and microwave irradiation.