Follicular Dynamics and Pregnancy Rates during Foal Heat in Colombian Paso Fino Mares Bred under Permanent Grazing.

No studies have evaluated the peripartum follicular dynamics resulting in foal heat under tropical environments. We aimed to assess retrospectively the peripartum follicular dynamics in Colombian Paso Fino mares that were inseminated at the foal heat, becoming pregnant or not. Records including follicular dynamics of pregnant mares prepartum and from foaling until foal heat ovulation were assessed in Colombian Paso Fino mares (CPF, n = 24) bred under permanent grazing in a tropical herd in Colombia. The number of ovarian follicles >10 mm before foaling and the largest follicle (F1) growth rate (mm/day) from foaling until the F1 reached the largest diameter (pre-ovulatory size) at the foal heat were assessed. Mares were inseminated at foal heat with 20 mL of semen (at least 500 million live spermatozoa) with >75% motility and 80% viability from a stallion of proven fertility. Ovulation was confirmed the day after follicles had reached the largest diameter. Quantitative data from follicular growth, the day at ovulation, from mares that became pregnant (PM) or not (NPM) at 16 days post-insemination were compared by one-way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA (follicle growth rate data) or Chi-square test (edema and cytology scores data). Epidemiological data, gestation length, and the number of follicles on third prepartum days did not significantly differ between PM and NPM (p > 0.05). Seventy-one percent of mares (17/24) got pregnant. Ovulatory follicles grew faster in the NPM group (n = 7), which ovulated between the seventh and ninth postpartum days, compared to PM (n = 17), which ovulated between the 11th and 13th postpartum days. Pre-ovulatory follicle diameter in PM (48.57 ± 0.8 mm) was significantly larger than in NPM (42.99 ± 1.0 mm) (p < 0.05). In addition, the PM edema score (2.93 ± 0.32 mm) on ovulation day was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than NPM (4.47 ± 0.05 mm). First postpartum ovulation occurred at 12.6 ± 0.3 and 8.5 ± 0.4 days (p < 0.05) in PM and NPM, respectively. Colombian Paso Fino mares bred under permanent grazing under tropical rainforest conditions with no foaling or postpartum complications showed a 71% gestation rate when inseminated at foal heat when ovulation occurs between the second and third postpartum week.

Use of a Composed Simulator by Veterinarian Non-Experts in Minimally Invasive Surgery for Training and Acquisition of Surgical Skills for Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in Dogs.

This study aims to assess the acquisition of surgical skills for laparoscopic ovariectomy (LOE) in dogs by veterinary surgeons with no experience in minimally invasive surgery using the CALMA Veterinary Lap-trainer simulator (CVLTS) in an experimental and analytical setting. Veterinary surgeons with no experience in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) (experimental, n = 5), and MIS experts (experts, n = 3) were evaluated. Experimental and expert group participants watched an instructional video (initial time) before practicing the LOE on uterine tissues and ovaries freshly reconstituted after elective ovariohysterectomy (initial time evaluation). Then, the experimental group practiced five training sessions on the composite simulator with permanent feedback and then performed the LOE again (final time evaluation). Surgical performances in initial and final evaluations were video recorded and further evaluated by three external MIS experts using Global objective assessment of laparoscopic skills (GOALS) and LOE-specific rating scales (SRSs) in a double-blinded schedule. In addition, a hands movement assessment system (HMAS) attached to the back of the hands was used to quantitatively measure completion time, angularity, and movement smoothness. Data were analyzed with one-factor ANOVA and Tukey's contrast test. No statistically significant differences were found between the novice group's performance after training and the expert group's performance according to the GOALS (p < 0.01) and SRS (p < 0.05) scores. Moreover, the novices had significantly improved time, number of movements, and angularity in the final time compared with the initial time (p < 0.05), with no significant differences compared to the expert group (p > 0.05). LOE training using a composed simulator resulted in significantly improved laparoscopic skills and time, number, and angularity of movements data, providing evidence of the usefulness and reliability of CVLTS in training LOE.

Ultrasonographic Screening of Dairy Cows with Normal Uterine Involution or Developing Postpartum Uterine Disease Using B-Mode, Color, and Spectral Doppler.

Uterine involution, ovarian activity, and incidence of postpartum uterine disease (PUD) were assessed in forty-eight dairy cows from calving until the 10th postpartum week. Postpartum follow-up included evaluation of uterine involution and ovarian structures by B-mode, Doppler color, and Doppler spectral ultrasound of the right uterine artery in cows with no calving or postpartum uterine problems (healthy cows). Data from cows that developed PUD (PUD cows) were compared with healthy cows matched by herd and days in milk (DIM). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, simple regression, one-way ANOVA, or repeated ANOVA measures, and in data analysis of healthy cows, uterine horn diameter assessed by B-mode ultrasound ranged from 22.9 ± 2.4 to 19.4 ± 1.4 mm and 19.9 ± 2.2 to 20.5 ± 2.3 mm from the fourth to the seventh postpartum week in the left and right uterine horns, respectively (P > 0.05). During the study, 15 and 7 cows had corpus luteum in the left and right ovaries, respectively. The mean time for the first postpartum CL was 30.1 ± 3.2 DIM (min 8, max 67 DIM). In data analysis of PUD cows, uterine blood flow assessed by color Doppler ranged from 7.4 ± 4.0 to 43.75 ± 10.3% in cows that developed PUD compared to 16.7 ± 11.0% in healthy cows (P > 0.05). No statistically significant changes were found in resistance index, pulsatility index, time-averaged maximum velocity, time-averaged mean velocity, or diastole/systole ratio (D/S) in cows that developed PUD compared to healthy cows (P > 0.05). Finally, no correlation was found between Doppler spectral parameters and uterine involution (P > 0.05). Our data suggest that cows receiving transition diets and exhibiting normal calving undergo a rapid macroscopic uterine involution and ovarian follicular dynamics resumption. Complete ultrasound evaluation provides valuable data for assessing uterine involution in postpartum dairy cows.

Expression of placental glycans and its role in regulating peripheral blood NK cells during preeclampsia: a perspective.

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related multisystem disorder characterized by altered trophoblast invasion, oxidative stress, exacerbation of systemic inflammatory response, and endothelial damage. The pathogenesis includes hypertension and mild-to-severe microangiopathy in the kidney, liver, placenta, and brain. The main mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis have been proposed to limit trophoblast invasion and increase the release of extracellular vesicles from the syncytiotrophoblast into the maternal circulation, exacerbating the systemic inflammatory response. The placenta expresses glycans as part of its development and maternal immune tolerance during gestation. The expression profile of glycans at the maternal-fetal interface may play a fundamental role in physiological pregnancy changes and disorders such as preeclampsia. It is unclear whether glycans and their lectin-like receptors are involved in the mechanisms of maternal-fetal recognition by immune cells during pregnancy homeostasis. The expression profile of glycans appears to be altered in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, which could lead to alterations in the placental microenvironment and vascular endothelium in pregnancy conditions such as preeclampsia. Glycans with immunomodulatory properties at the maternal-fetal interface are altered in early-onset severe preeclampsia, implying that innate immune system components, such as NK cells, exacerbate the systemic inflammatory response observed in preeclampsia. In this article, we discuss the evidence for the role of glycans in gestational physiology and the perspective of glycobiology on the pathophysiology of hypertensive disorders in gestation.

Implementation of a Canine Ergonomic Abdominal Simulator for Training Basic Laparoscopic Skills in Veterinarians.

The validity of the CALMA Veterinary Lap-trainer simulator (CVLTS) for training basic veterinary laparoscopic skills was assessed and compared to a simple collapsible mobile box trainer. Ten veterinarian surgeons with no experience in laparoscopic surgery and four experts with at least two years of experience in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) were included. The training curriculum included object transfer, non-woven gauze cutting with curved scissors, and interrupted and continuous intracorporeal sutures, which were practiced on the CVLTS. The initial and final assessments were carried out in both the CVLTS and in a collapsible mobile simulator. These were video-recorded and evaluated by external experts using the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) and a specific scale evaluation in a double-blinded schedule. The time, angular displacement, number, and movement smoothness were recorded using a hands movement assessment system (HMAS). Through a survey, the face validity and content were evaluated. The data were analyzed by a Pearson's proportions comparison or Mann Whitney U test and a bilateral Student's t-test. The experimental group OSATS, specific scores, and HMAS values, with the exception of the smoothness of movements, significantly improved after training, with no statistically significant differences compared to the expert group. No differences were found between the two simulators. The experts' and experimental participants' CVLTS mean score was 4.8. Our data support the CVLTS validations for laparoscopic surgery basic skills training.

The role of L-carnitine in bovine embryo metabolism. A review of the effect of supplementation with a metabolic modulator on in vitro embryo production.

Early embryo development is driven first by the maternal RNAs and proteins accumulated during the oocyte's cytoplasmic maturation and then after the embryo genome activation. In mammalian cells, ATP generation occurs via oxidative pathways or by glycolysis, whereas in embryonic stem cells, the consumption of glucose, pyruvate, lipids, and amino acids results in ATP synthesis. Although the bovine embryo has energy reserves in glycogen and lipids, the glycogen concentration is deficient. Conversely, lipids represent the most abundant energy reservoir of bovine embryos, where lipid droplets-containing triacylglycerols are the main fatty acid stores. Oocytes of many mammalian species contain comparatively high amounts of lipids stored as droplets in the ooplasm. L-carnitine has been described as a cofactor that facilitates the mobilization of fatty acids present in the oocyte's cytoplasm into the mitochondria to facilitate ß-oxidation processes. However, the L-carnitine effects by addition to media in the in vitro produced embryos on the quality are highly disputed and contradictory by different researchers. This review's objective was to explore the effect that the addition of L-carnitine on culture media could have on the overall bovine embryo production in vitro, from the oocyte metabolism to the modulation of gene expression in the developing embryos.

Development and validation of a composed canine simulator for advanced veterinary laparoscopic training.

The development of innovative simulation models for veterinary laparoscopic surgery training is a priority today. This study aimed to describe a didactic simulation tool for the training of total laparoscopic gastropexy (TLG) with intracorporeal sutures in dogs. CALMA Veterinary Lap-trainer composite simulator (CLVTS) was developed from a plaster cast of 2 Great Dane canines mimicking the space and the correct position to carry out a TLG. After video instruction, 16 veterinarians with different degrees of experience in minimally invasive surgery (Experts, n = 6 and intermediates, n = 10) evaluated four sequential simulating TLG with intracorporeal suturing in the CLVTS. Subsequently, they completed an anonymous questionnaire analyzing the realism, usefulness, and educational quality of the simulator. The CLVTS showed a good preliminary acceptance (4.7/5) in terms of the usefulness and adequacy of the exercises that, in the participants' opinion, are appropriate and are related to the difficulty of the TLG. In addition, both experienced and intermediate surgeons gave high marks (4.5/5) to the feeling of realism, design, and practicality. There were no significant differences between the responses of the two groups. The results suggest that the CVLTS has both face and content validity. Where it can be practiced in a structured environment for the development of a total laparoscopic gastropexy with intracorporeal suture and without compromising patient safety, but still has some limitations of the scope of the study. Further studies are needed to establish the ability to assess or measure technical skills, including the degree of transferability to the actual surgical environment.

Glycan expression in chorionic villi from histocultures of women with early-onset preeclampsia: Immunomodulatory effects on peripheral natural killer cells.

New evidence suggests that glycan expression in placental cells of women with invasive disorders of pregnancy differs from that in normal pregnant women. Hypothesizing that modifications of glycan expression could account for the course of preeclampsia, we established placental villous histocultures and compared glycan expression in women with preeclampsia with that in normal pregnant women and also in syncytialized BeWo cells, and we tested the effect of glycan expression on the functional phenotypes of circulating natural killer (NK) cells. Histocultures of third-trimester placentae from women with preeclampsia and full-term placentae from healthy pregnant women and BeWo choriocarcinoma cells were assessed for the expression of terminal glycans by lectin-binding assays. Circulating NK cells from nonpregnant healthy donors were tested in vitro for their cytotoxic activity and intracellular cytokine content. Histocultures from women with preeclampsia expressed significantly more mannose than did those from healthy pregnant women. Both histocultures and BeWo cells expressed terminal fucose, mannose, sialic acid, and N -acetylgalactosamine, although mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) expression was lower in choriocarcinoma cells than in cells from histocultures. Cocultures of circulating NK cells with K562 target cells resulted in a dose-dependent cytotoxicity effect, but the use of BeWo cells as target reduced cytotoxic activity; this reduction was not affected by syncytialization. Histocultures of placental villous tissue of women with preeclampsia expressed high levels of terminal mannose. We proposethat placental glycans may modulate the functional activity of circulating NK cells in the context of systemic inflammatory response in preeclampsia.

l-Carnitine Supplementation during In Vitro Maturation and In Vitro Culture Does not Affect the Survival Rates after Vitrification and Warming but Alters Inf-T and ptgs2 Gene Expression.

l-carnitine is a potent antioxidant used for in vitro culture systems. Controversial results have been reported using l-carnitine in culture medium at different stages of in vitro bovine embryo production. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (n = 843) were in vitro-fertilized and cultured and added (treatment group) or not added (control group) with l-carnitine. At day three of culture, each group was subdivided into two subgroups receiving no l-carnitine (group 1), 3.8 mM l-carnitine added during in vitro maturation (group 2), 1.5 mM added during the in vitro culture (group 3), and 3.8 mM and 1.5 mM added during the maturation and culture, respectively (group 4). At day 8, blastocyst embryos were examined for mitochondrial activity, the presence of lipid droplets, total cell number, gene expression, and cryotolerance by vitrification. The data were analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance. l-carnitine added in the late in vitro culture significantly reduced mitochondrial activity and lipid content, and upregulated ifn-τ and ptgs2 gene expression compared to controls (p < 0.05). l-carnitine supplementation did not significantly affect the embryo rate production or survival rate after vitrification and warming (p > 0.05). l-carnitine supplementation significantly improved embryo potential to develop viable pregnancies in agreement with a study reporting improved pregnancy rates.

Validation of Training and Acquisition of Surgical Skills in Veterinary Laparoscopic Surgery: A Review.

At present, veterinary laparoscopic surgery training is lacking in experiences that provide a controlled and safe environment where surgeons can practice specific techniques while receiving experts' feedback. Surgical skills acquired using simulators must be certified and transferable to the operating room. Most models for practicing laparoscopic skills in veterinary minimally invasive surgery are general task trainers and consist of boxes (simulators) designed for training human surgery. These simulators exhibit several limitations, including anatomic species and procedural differences, as well as general psychomotor training rather than in vivo skill recreation. In this paper, we review the existing methods of training, evaluation, and validation of technical skills in veterinary laparoscopic surgery. Content includes global and specific scales, and the conditions a structured curriculum should meet for improving the performance of novice surgeons during and after training. A focus on trainee-specific assessment and tailored-technical instruction should influence training programs. We provide a comprehensive analysis of current theories and concepts related to the evaluation and validation of simulators for training laparoscopic surgery in small animal surgery. We also highlight the need to develop new training models and complementary evaluation scales for the validation of training and acquisition of basic and advanced skills in veterinary laparoscopic surgery.

L-carnitine supplementation in culture media improves the pregnancy rate of in vitro produced embryos with sexed semen from Bos taurus indicus cows.

The in vitro embryo production industry in the actual world presents some difficulties related to low embryonic production rates, a problem that could be associated with in vitro culture conditions that differed from the in vivo (oviductal) conditions, mainly related to cytoplasmic lipid accumulation. L-carnitine is known as a modulator of ß-oxidation in the developing embryo, as it has been demonstrated that it improves embryo quality without affecting the in vitro embryo production rate. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of L-carnitine supplemented during the in vitro maturation and culture processes on the implantation rate of in vitro produced embryos. Supplementation with 3.8 mM of L-carnitine was used during in vitro maturation, and later, during late in vitro culture, it was added at 1.5 mM. A control group contained no L-carnitine supplementation. Bovine oocytes obtained by ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration from healthy Bos taurus indicus cows were matured, fertilized and cultured in vitro. Multiparous F1 (Bos taurus taurus × Bos taurus indicus) cows were used as recipients. Overall, 460 oocytes were processed in three independent replicates from in vitro maturation until day 8 of the in vitro culture. No significant difference was found between treatments of in vitro embryo production. However, pregnancy rate at days 45 and 72 was significantly higher in blastocysts derived from L-carnitine treatment (31.55 ± 9.78%) compared to the control group (18.68 ± 6.31%). In conclusion, addition of L-carnitine at 3.8 mM and 1.5 mM in the maturation, and culture medium after day 3 of in vitro production process, significantly improved pregnancy rate after embryo transfer.

Concomitant Presence of Ovarian Tumors (Teratoma and Granulosa Cell Tumor), and Pyometra in an English Bulldog Female Dog: A Case Report.

Background: The diagnosis of ovarian tumors in dogs is usually complicated because the clinical signs can be very discrete and can be easily confused with other diseases. There are few reports of ovarian tumors with different cellular characteristics in the same dog. Our objective was to describe an unusual case of the concomitant presence of ovarian teratoma and granulosa cell tumors in a female dog presenting symptoms compatible with pyometra at clinical consultation. Clinical history: A non-spayed 6-years-old female English Bulldog was attended at the consultation, with no history of previous steroid hormonal treatment. The dog had presented regular estrus every 6 months; 3 months elapsed between the last estrus and consultation. The dog had presented vulvar discharge for more than 2 weeks. Clinical and laboratory findings: the patient presented a slightly pale oral mucosa, decay, vulvar edema, and mucous-purulent uterine discharge. The ultrasound examination revealed the presence of neoformations in the ovaries, and evidence of cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra in the uterus. Treatment: We performed a ventral ovariohysterectomy. During the surgical procedure, it was found several masses in the left and right ovaries, exhibiting characteristics of other tissues different from ovarian tissue. All samples were sent for histopathological examination. The diagnosis was a granulosa cell tumor in the left ovary and a well-differentiated teratoma in the right ovary. Conclusion: Practitioners must improve the use of diagnostic tools when attending non-spayed dogs at advanced ages (more than 6 years old), which would probably be at high risk of suffering from undetected ovarian tumors, some of them with malignancy behavior.

Physiological importance of polyamines.

Polyamines are polycationic molecules that contain two or more amino groups (-NH3 +) and are present in all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Polyamines are synthesized from arginine, ornithine, and proline, and from methionine as the methyl-group donor. In the traditional pathway for polyamine synthesis, arginase converts arginine into ornithine, which is decarboxylated by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC1) to generate putrescine. The latter is converted to spermidine and spermine. Recent studies have indicated the existence of 'non-classical pathways' for the generation of putrescine from arginine and proline in animal cells. Specifically, arginine decarboxylase (ADC) catalyzes the conversion of arginine into agmatine, which is hydrolyzed by agmatinase (AGMAT) to form putrescine. Additionally, proline is oxidized by proline oxidase to yield pyrroline-5-carboxylate, which undergoes transamination with glutamate to produce ornithine for decarboxylation by ODC1. Intracellular production of polyamines is controlled by antizymes binding to and inactivating ODC1. Polyamines exert effects that include stimulation of cell division and proliferation, gene expression for the survival of cells, DNA and protein synthesis, regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and cell-cell communication activity. Accordingly, polyamines are essential for early embryonic development and successful pregnancy outcome in mammals. In this paper the main concepts on the history, structure and molecular pathways of polyamines as well as their physiological role on angiogenesis, and reproductive physiology are reviewed.

Detection of macrophages infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in a cow with clinical stage IV of Johne's disease. A case report / Detección de macrófagos infectados con Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis en una vaca en fase clínica IV de la enfermedad de Johne. Reporte de un caso / Detecção de macrófagos infectados com Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis subespécie em uma vaca com uma fase clínica IV da doença de Johne. Um relato de caso

Anamnesis: a six-year-old milking Holstein cow (Bos taurus taurus) was diagnosed with stage IV Johne's Disease (JD). Clinical and Laboratory findings: the cow suffered intermittent diarrhea during 6 months with no response to antibiotic treatment. Consequently, the cow was subjected to euthanasia. Treatment approach: antemortem milk and peripheral blood samples and postmortem colon, mediastinic, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen samples were processed for macrophages isolation. Total DNA was extracted from macrophages and used to diagnose IS900 of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) through real time PCR. The MAP IS900 segment was successfully amplified from cells of all samples, indicating that these cells were MAP-infected macrophages. Conclusion: macrophages of cows suffering from JD can be used for amplification of the MAP IS900 segment.

Anamnesis: una vaca Holstein de 6 años de edad (Bos taurus taurus) presentó sintomatología de la fase IV de la enfermedad de Johne. Hallazgos clínicos y de laboratorio: la vaca presentó diarrea intermitente durante 6 meses sin respuesta al tratamiento con antibióticos. En consecuencia, la vaca fue sometida a eutanasia. Esquema de tratamiento: muestras de leche y de sangre periférica se tomaron ante-mortem; muestras de la mucosa del intestino, bazo y linfonodos mediastínico y mesentérico, se tomaron post-mortem, todas para aislamiento de macrófagos. El ADN total de los macrófagos fue usado para la amplificación del segmento IS900 de Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) por PCR en tiempo real. Conclusión: los macrófagos de vacas con la enfermedad de Johne pueden ser usados para la amplificación del segmento IS900 de MAP.

Anamnese: uma vaca Holstein com 6 anos de idade (Bos taurus taurus) apresentou os sintomas da fase IV da doença de Johne. Achados clínicos e laboratoriais: a vaca teve diarreia intermitente por seis meses sem resposta ao tratamento com antibióticos. Por conseguinte, a vaca foi submetida à eutanásia. Abordagem de tratamento: amostras de leite e de sangue periférico foram retiradas ante-mortem, enquanto as amostras da mucosa intestinal, baço e linfonodos mesentéricos e mediastinais foram tomadas todas post-mortem para o isolamento de macrófagos. O ADN total de macrófagos foi utilizado para amplificação do segmento IS900 do Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) por PCR em tempo real. Conclusão: macrófagos isolados a partir de vacas com doença de Johne podem ser utilizados para a amplificação da segmento IS900 do MAP.

Protective compromise of great omentum in an asymptomatic uterine rupture in a bitch: a case report / Compromiso protector del omento mayor en una ruptura uterina asintomática en una perra: reporte de un caso / Empenho protetor do omento maior em uma rotura uterina asymptomatica numa cadela: um porte de caso

The great omentum plays an important role in protecting the peritoneal cavity from bacteria and contaminating material and providing the peritoneum with leukocytes from the omental milky spots (OMS). However, there are no reports on the existence of OMS in dogs. In this report an unusual case of asymptomatic uterine rupture (UR) is described in a 16 month old pointer bitch that was admitted at the CES University Veterinary Clinic in Medellin (Colombia) for elective neutering. In the abdominal surgical plane, the great omentum was found sequestering abundant macerated fetal debris and uterine content released near the ruptured uterine wall. A severe congestive and brown-like appearance of peritoneum suggesting a protective inflammatory process was observed. All uterine contents, uterus and compromised great omentum were completely removed. The dog recovered satisfactorily with no clinical complications after a long term postsurgical period. Additionally we discuss the existence of OMS in the canine omentum.

El omento mayor juega un papel importante en la protección de la cavidad peritoneal contra infecciones bacterianas y material contaminante proporcionando leucocitos al peritoneo producidos en los puntos lechosos del omento (OMS). Sin embargo, en la literatura científica no hay reportes sobre la existencia de los OMS en caninos. En este reporte es descrito un caso poco usual de ruptura uterina (UR) asintomática en una perra de la raza pointer de 16 meses de edad, que fue atendida en la consulta del Centro de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad CES en Medellín (Colombia) para ser sometida a ovariohisterectomía electiva. Una vez fue alcanzado el plano quirúrgico abdominal el omento mayor fue encontrado recubriendo una cantidad abundante de restos fetales macerados y otro contenido uterino que había sido liberado a la cavidad peritoneal cerca al sitio de ruptura de la pared uterina. El omento presentaba un aspecto de congestión severa de color parduzco, que sugería una reacción inflamatoria intensa. Todo el útero y el contenido revertido a la cavidad fueron removidos quirúrgicamente, como también el omento mayor. La perra se recuperó de manera satisfactoria sin complicaciones clínicas después de un largo periodo posterior a la cirugía. En la discusión es planteada la existencia de los OMS en el omento canino.

O Omento desempenha um papel importante na protecção da cavidade peritoneal contra infecções bacterianas y material contaminante fornecendo no peritónio dos leucócitos produzidos dos pontos leitoso do omento (OMS). No entanto, na literatura científica não relata sobre a existência do OMS em caninos. Este reporte de caso descreve um caso incomum de rotura uterina (UR) assintomática em uma cadela da raça Pointer de 16 meses de idade, que foi notificado ao Centro de Medicina Veterinária y Zootecnia da Universidad CES en Medellín (Colômbia) para ser submetida à ovariohisterectomia electiva. Assim que o avião cirurgia abdominal foi atingido, o omento maior foi encontrado cobrindo uma generosa quantidade de remanescentes da maceração fetal e outros conteúdos uterinos tinham sido liberados na cavidade peritoneal, perto do local da ruptura da parede uterina. O Omento demonstraou um grave congestionamento de cor marrão, sugerindo uma intensa reacção inflamatória. A totalidade do útero e conteúdo revertida para a cavidade foi retirada cirurgicamente, bem como o omento maior. A cadela recuperou-se satisfatoriamente, sem complicações clínicas após um longo período após a cirurgia. Na discussão é levantada na existência do OMS no omento canino.

Broad histopathologic patterns of non-glabrous skin and glabrous skin from patients with a new variant of endemic pemphigus foliaceus-part 1.

A prospective, controlled epidemiologic survey performed in El Bagre, Colombia revealed a new variant of endemic pemphigus disease, occurring in a gold mining region. The disease resembled Senear-Usher syndrome, and occurred in an endemic fashion. The aim of this study is to describe the most frequent histopathologic patterns in non-glabrous skin and in glabrous skin observed in these patients, and their clinical correlation. The study was performed on non-glabrous skin biopsies of 30 patients from the dominantly clinical affected areas (either on the chest, arms or face). Simultaneously, biopsies from the palms were obtained in 10 randomly chosen patients of the 30 total patients. The specimens were examined following hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The most common blisters observed were subcorneal, although in some cases intraspinous and subepidermal blisters were visualized. Our results showed a very heterogeneous pattern of histopathologic patterns in non-glabrous skin, which seemed to correlate with the clinical features. The most common pattern was typical pemphigus foliaceus-like, with some lupus erythematosus-like features. A non-specific, chronic dermatitis pattern prevailed in the clinically controlled patients taking daily corticosteroids. In the patients who have had the most severe and relapsing pemphigus, early sclerodermatous changes and scleredermoid alterations prevailed in their reticular dermis. In addition to the scleredermoid alterations, the reticular dermis showed a paucity of appendageal structures. On the contrary, in the palms, a similar pattern was seen in all cases, including thickening of the stratum corneum, hypergranulosis, edema in the papillary and reticular dermis and a dermal perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate. The direct immunofluorescence of the glabrous vs. the non-glabrous skin also showed some differences. We conclude that the histopathologic features of this new variant of endemic pemphigus are complex, therefore, classical histopathologic features previously described for superficial, endemic pemphigus cannot be used alone to diagnose this disease.

Falla ovárica en una yegua de paso fi no colombiano:tratamiento combinado homeopático antihomotóxicoy hormonal: reporte de un caso / Fracasso ovário em uma égua de passo colombiano: manipulação homeopática antihomotoxicae hormonal combinada: reporte de um caso / Ovulation failure in a Colombian Paso fino Mare: A combined antihomotoxic homeopathic therapy and hormonal treatment: a case report

La falla ovulatoria es una de las principales causas de infertilidad en yeguas cíclicas. En el presentecaso, se describe el seguimiento de una yegua nulípara de paso fino colombiano de seis años que ingresóa consulta para ser sometida a reproducción. Al examen ecográfico se le halló el ovario izquierdo de 15x 13 cm con una estructura patológica de aspecto anecóico y contenido líquido de 13 x 11 cm, el ovarioderecho sin estructuras y el útero flácido. La yegua fue sometida a tratamiento con antihomotóxicos deltipo Ovarium compositum®, Damiana injeel®, Cerebrum compositum®, y Phosphor hommacord® durante1½ mes, y terapia FK (terapia neural, dos en 15 días), lo cual disminuyó el tamaño del folículo y delovario, indujo ablandamiento de la pared folicular y leve respuesta uterina. Un mes y medio después,el ovario izquierdo tenía 13 x 11 cm y un folículo de 9 x 8 cm, y el ovario derecho estaba multifolicular.Las concentraciones de progesterona, estradiol y testosterona eran características de anestro. La yeguafue tratada con eCG (3.000 UI/3 días, i.v.), cuatro días después la progesterona ascendió a 14.91 ng/dl, el examen ecográfico reveló un cuerpo lúteo en el ovario izquierdo y a los siete días fue tratada conPGF2α (9 μg/kg/2 días) intramuscular. Cinco días después la yegua presentó estro, fue inseminada y tuvouna gestación que perdió a los 40 días; luego presentó un nuevo estro a los 20 días, fue inseminada, sele confirmó gestación a los 20 días y tuvo una gestación a término con un potro viable al momento del parto. Este caso sugiere la posibilidad de combinar terapia hormonal con medicina alternativa para eltratamiento de algunos tipos de anormalidades en el funcionamiento ovárico en las yeguas.parto. Este caso sugiere la posibilidad de combinar terapia hormonal con medicina alternativa para eltratamiento de algunos tipos de anormalidades en el funcionamiento ovárico en las yeguas.

Ovulation failure is one of the most frequent causes of infertility in mares. In the present case wereport a six-year-old Colombian Paso Fino maiden Mare that was attended for breeding purposes with aprevious history of ovulation failure. At ultrasound (US) examination of the reproductive tract and ovariesthe left ovary measured 15 x 13 cm and a pathologic 13 x 11 cm diameter anecoic structure was diagnosed.The right ovary was found of normal size, and the uterus was found flacid. An anti homotoxic theraphywith Ovarium compositum®, Damiana injeel®, Cerebrum compositum®, and Phosphor hommacord® for1½ months and FK (neural) therapy (twice/15 days) were then established, the ovary size was reduced,and softening of the follicular wall and a slight uterine response were observed. After 1½ month, the leftovary had 13 x 11 cm diameter and showed a 9 x 8 cm follicle, whereas the right ovary was multifollicular.Serum progesterone, estradiol and testosterone levels were those characteristics of an anestrous mare.The mare was treated with hCG (3.000 UI, i.v./3 days) and 4 days later a corpus luteum was diagnosedby US in the left ovary and serum progesterone levels raised to 14.91 ng/dl. At day 7 after hCG treatmentthe mare was given PGF2α (9 μg/kg/for two days) intramuscular, estrous was evident 5 days later, andartificial insemination (AI) with fertile semen was practiced resulting in a viable pregnancy as evaluatedby ultrasound at day 20; however, this pregnancy was lost at 40 days after AI. The mare returned to estrus20 days later, she was then inseminated and the resulting pregnancy was confirmed at day 20th resultingin a successful gestation and foaling of a full term viable foal. This report suggests hormonal therapy andalternative medicine could be successfully combined for treatment of specific ovarian pathologies in mares.

O fracasso ovulatório é uma das principais causas de infertilidade em éguas cíclicas. Neste caso, sedescreveu o acompanhamento de uma égua nulípara da paso fino colombiano, de seis anos idade queconsultou para serem sujeitos a reprodução. No exame ultra-som que ele encontrou o ovário esquerdo,15 x 13 cm, com uma estrutura patológica de 13 x 11 cm, o ovários direito sem estruturas e útero mau. Aégua sofreu tratamento com drogas Ovarium compositum®, Damiana injeel®, Cerebrum compositum®, ePhosphor hommacord® durante 1½ mês, FK terapêutica (terapia neural, duas em 15 dias), o que diminuiuo tamanho do folículo e do ovário, induzida amolecimento da parede uterina e leve resposta folicular.Um mês e meio depois, o ovário esquerdo tinha 13 x 11 cm e um folículo 9 x 8 cm, e do ovário direito foimultifolicular. As concentrações de progesterona, estradiol e testosterona foram características do anestro.A égua foi tratada com eCG (3.000 UI IV/3 dias), quatro dias após a progesterona ascendeu a 14.91 ng/dl, efoi visto por ultra-som corpo lúteo no ovário esquerdo. Em sete dias, a égua foi tratada com PGF2α (9 μg/kg/2 dias) i.m., introduzido estro após cinco dias, foi inseminada e teve uma gestação que perdeu a 40 dias;introduziu um novo estro em 20 dias, foi inseminação, a gravidez foi confirmada em 20 dias e atualmentemantém um 9 meses de gestação. Este caso sugere a utilidade da terapia hormonal combinando commedicina alternativa para o tratamento de certos tipos de anomalias no funcionamento do ovário em éguas.

Relación entre el recuento de células somáticas individual o en tanque de leche y la prueba CMT en dos fincas lecheras del departamento de Antioquia (Colombia) / Relationship between individual and bull tank somatic cell counts with CMT test in two dairy herds in Antioquia (Colombia)

El objetivo del presente proyecto fue establecer relaciones entre la prueba de CMT y los recuentos de células somáticas individuales o en el tanque de la leche, con el objetivo de definir un modelo predictivo del número de células somáticas en el tanque y proponer un modelo para detectar fincas con mastitis subclínica. En dos fincas lecheras del Municipio de San Pedro de los Milagros (Colombia), se tomaron muestras de leche de las vacas en ordeño (n = 95) durante los ordeños de la mañana y de la tarde (una muestra/mes/3 meses). En el ordeño de la tarde se realizó prueba de CMT y en todos los muestreos se hizo recuento de células somáticas en el medidor individual (RCS), y en el tanque de la leche, usando un equipo Fossomatic 90. Para el análisis estadístico se realizó una transformación logarítmica de los datos (y = Log2(RCS/100) +3), para ajustarlos a la normalidad y realizar análisis de varianza. Los resultados mostraron una relación estadística significativa (p<0.05) entre el porcentaje de cuartos afectados por mastitis subclínica según la prueba de CMT y el BTSCC del ordeño de la tarde. Además, se definió una fórmula predictiva para el BTSCC de acuerdo con el porcentaje de cuartos afectados para el ordeño de la tarde. Los resultados indicaron un promedio de RCS de 206.630 cel/ml y 145.935 cel/ml para los ordeños de la tarde y la mañana, respectivamente; mientras que el BTSCC presentó un promedio de 186.830 cel/ml y 93.145 cel/ml, para los ordeños de la tarde y la mañana, respectivamente. Asimismo, se halló un relación estadística significativa (p<0.05) entre el RCS del ordeño de la tarde con el BTSCC. Los resultados del BTSCC se encuentran por debajo de los valores límites permitidos en Europa y Estados Unidos, lo cual sugiere que bajo condiciones de manejo estrictas, las fincas lecheras en Antioquia pueden lograr los estándares internacionales de calidad para la exportación de leche.

In order to establish a mathematical model with which to predict the Bull Tank Somatic Cell Count (BTSCC) of herds with sub clinical mastitis and to search for possible relationships between CMT results and individual somatic cell counts (SCC) or BTSCC, a descriptive study was carried out in two farms located in the dairy region of Antioquia (Colombia), in which lactating dairy cows (n = 95) were sampled during the morning and afternoon milking (once a month/3 months). CMT evaluation was performed at the afternoon milking at each time point of evaluation. In addition, total milk produced by individual cows was recorded and a milk sample was taken to perform SCC. Similarly, three samples of milk were taken from the tank to measure BTSCC. All milk samples were processed by triplicates by using a Fossomatic-90 equipment. Logarithmic transformation of data were done to normalize the SCC and BTSCC results according to the model: logarithmic SCC (SCCL) = Log2(SCC/100) +3, and analysis of variance were performed. A significant relationship (p<0.05) was found between the percent of positive quarters (at least one cross by CMT) and the BTSCC taken at the afternoon milking. Accordingly, a model was established to define the BTSCC value depending on the percentage of CMT positive quarters. The average SCC of 206.630 and 145.935 cel/ml, were found for afternoon and morning milking, respectively; in as much as the average BTSCC found were 186.830 and 93.145 cel/ml, for afternoon and morning milking, respectively. Furthermore, a significant relationship (p<0.05) was found between the SCC of the afternoon milking and the BTSCC. The BTSCC values were lower than the limit values accepted for the United Sates and European countries, which suggest that under strictly controlled management policies the dairy herds from Antioquia could meet the international standards for milk exportation.

Gestación prolongada asociada con la prescripción inadecuada de medroxiprogesterona acetato. ¿Es racional y ético el uso de progestágenos exógenos en perras? / Prolonged pregnancy associated to an inappropriate medroxiprogesterone acetate prescription in a bitch. Is rational and ethics the use of exogenous progestin in the bitch?

Los progestágenos sintéticos como la medroxiprogesterona acetato (MPA) y el proligestone (PRO) son usados en caninos como medicamento para prevenir la presentación del celo en perras, a pesar de existir abundante evidencia de su asociación con el aumento de la presentación de tumores mamarios y uterinos, complejo hiperplasia quística endometrial-piómetra y alteraciones de la hormona del crecimiento que cursan con acromegalia. En el presente estudio se informa de un caso de gestación prolongada asociada con la administración de MPA para prevenir la gestación después de una monta no deseada, en una perra de raza Fox terrier pelo de alambre de cinco años de edad a quien se le prescribió de manera errónea MPA para la monta no deseada. La paciente se recibió a los 74 días postmonta, con abdomen distendido pero sin dificultad respiratoria ni cambios importantes en el hemoleucograma; el examen clínico y la radiografía revelaron la presencia de seis fetos en proceso de maceración; la paciente fue sometida a operación cesárea para la extracción de los fetos macerados seguida de ovariohisterectomía. La evolución clínica fue favorable. En la discusión se hacen unos planteamientos críticos sobre la racionalidad y la ética del uso de los progestágenos exógenos, al igual que de la aplicación de productos estrogénicos, para el control de eventos reproductivos en perras, como la monta no deseada o la supresión del celo, y se proponen otras alternativas terapéuticas.