Acute coronary syndrome: role of the nurse in patient assessment and management.

Coronary heart disease is a leading cause of mortality, morbidity and hospitalisation in the UK and worldwide. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a serious manifestation of coronary heart disease. ACS encompasses several conditions that represent acute injury or damage to the myocardium, including ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Management may differ depending on the diagnosis, so prompt and accurate assessment is crucial to establish the patient's condition and ensure timely initiation of the appropriate treatment. This article explains how ACS develops and what characterises its different types. It also outlines the assessment and management of patients with ACS, and explains the nurse's role in these processes.

Pathophysiology, assessment and treatment of coronary heart disease in women.

Despite improvements in mortality rates, coronary heart disease (CHD) continues to be a leading cause of death in the UK. It has a long-standing reputation as a 'male disease', and although there has been an increased interest in and awareness of the disease, CHD in women remains understudied, under-diagnosed and undertreated. This article discusses the apparent disparity in pathophysiology, symptom presentation, risk factor profile, assessment, management and outcomes between men and women in relation to CHD and acute coronary syndrome, which is an acute manifestation of CHD.

Adult patient decision-making regarding implantation of complex cardiac devices: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Complex cardiac rhythm management device (CRMD) therapy provides an important treatment option for people at risk of sudden cardiac death. Despite the survival benefit, device implantation is associated with significant physical and psychosocial concerns presenting considerable challenges for the decision-making process surrounding CRMD implantation for patients and physicians. AIMS: The purpose of this scoping review was to explore what is known about how adult (>16 years) patients make decisions regarding implantation of CRMD therapy. METHODS: Published, peer reviewed, English language studies from 2000 to 2016 were identified in a search across eight healthcare databases. Eligible studies were concerned with patient decision-making for first time device implantation. Quality assessment was completed using the mixed methods appraisal tool for all studies meeting the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The findings of eight qualitative and seven quantitative studies, including patients who accepted or declined primary or secondary sudden cardiac death prevention devices, were clustered into two themes: knowledge acquisition and the process of decision-making, exposing similarities and distinctions with the treatment decision-making literature. CONCLUSION: The review revealed some insight in to the way patients approach decision-making but also exposed a lack of clarity and research activity specific to CRMD patients. Further research is recommended to support the development and application of targeted decision support mechanisms.

Non-pharmacological interventions to reduce psychological distress in patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization: a rapid review.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac catheterization is the standard procedure for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease. The threat physically and emotionally from this procedure can affect the patient's perception of their health. The heightened psychological distress associated with this diagnostic procedure can cause adverse patient outcomes. Non-pharmacologic interventions have been implemented to reduce psychological distress associated with cardiac catheterization. AIMS: The objective of this rapid review is to assess the efficacy of non-pharmacologic interventions (procedural education, relaxation techniques, psychological preparation) on psychological distress experienced by patients as they undergo a cardiac catheterization. METHODS: Published, peer-reviewed, English-language intervention studies from 1981 to 2014 were identified in a search of CINAHL, Medline, and Cochrane Library. Eligible studies included adults undergoing cardiac catheterization. Studies included in this review used experimental and quasi-experimental designs and assessed at least one primary outcome: anxiety, depression, and pain to test non-pharmacologic interventions pre and post-cardiac catheterization. Researchers independently extracted data from included studies and completed a quality assessment using a published tool. Data were synthesized as a narrative. RESULTS: There were 29 eligible experimental and quasi-experimental studies that tested the three interventions ( n=2504). Findings suggest that non-pharmacologic interventions were able to effectively reduce psychological distress in some patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. CONCLUSION: Evidence is stronger in recent studies that non-pharmacologic interventions of procedural education and psychological preparation can reduce psychological distress in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Further research is needed to define the various relaxation techniques that can be effectively implemented for patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.