ABSTRACT
The integration of electric vehicles (EV) into the global car fleet has seen a major shift boosted by the new environmental regulations. The adoption of this low-carbon vehicle is hampered by several constraints in emerging countries and particularly in Morocco, e.g. constraints related to the infrastructure (land purchasing for charging stations, integration with existing power infrastructures, funding and optimized deployment) [1], and constraints related to the lack of standards and regulatory frameworks [2]. For this purpose, our objective is to share with the community a dataset about EV exploitation in the Moroccan context. This dataset [3] could be used to improve the energy management system characterized by a limited driving range and restrictive charging infrastructures. Subsequently, several driving cycles have been done in three main trajectories using data collection in the region of Rabat-Salé-Kénitra (RSK). The collected data contains mainly the date, time, Battery State of Charge (SoC), speed, vehicle's position, weather information, traffic conditions and road speed limits. The dataset collection is done using an onboard developed electronic card that collects the vehicle's internal and external data. Collected data are pre-processes and then stored in a Comma Separated Values (CSV) file. The collected dataset could be used in applications that are related to EV management and planning, such as speed prediction, speed control strategies, rerouting and EV charging scheduling, vehicle-to-grid and grid-to-vehicle, and energy demand forecasting.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Fluid resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock aims to restore hemodynamics and repair altered microcirculation. Hemodynamic coherence is the concordant performance of macro- and microcirculation. The present study on fluid therapy in hemorrhagic shock hypothesized that the choice of fluid (0.9% sodium chloride [saline group] or balanced 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 [hydroxyethyl starch group]) impacts on hemodynamic coherence. METHODS: After instrumentation, 10 sheep were bled up to 30 ml/kg body weight of blood stopping at a mean arterial pressure of 30 mmHg to establish hemorrhagic shock. To reestablish baseline mean arterial pressure, they received either saline or hydroxyethyl starch (each n = 5). Hemodynamic coherence was assessed by comparison of changes in mean arterial pressure and both perfused vessel density and microvascular flow index. RESULTS: Bleeding of 23 ml/kg blood [21; 30] (median [25th; 75th percentile]) in the saline group and 24 ml/kg [22; 25] (P = 0.916) in the hydroxyethyl starch group led to hemorrhagic shock. Fluid resuscitation reestablished baseline mean arterial pressure in all sheep of the hydroxyethyl starch group and in one sheep of the saline group. In the saline group 4,980 ml [3,312; 5,700] and in the hydroxyethyl starch group 610 ml [489; 615] of fluid were needed (P = 0.009). In hemorrhagic shock perfused vessel density (saline from 100% to 83% [49; 86]; hydroxyethyl starch from 100% to 74% [61; 80]) and microvascular flow index (saline from 3.1 [2.5; 3.3] to 2.0 [1.6; 2.3]; hydroxyethyl starch from 2.9 [2.9; 3.1] to 2.5 [2.3; 2.7]) decreased in both groups. After resuscitation both variables improved in the hydroxyethyl starch group (perfused vessel density: 125% [120; 147]; microvascular flow index: 3.4 [3.2; 3.5]), whereas in the saline group perfused vessel density further decreased (64% [62; 79]) and microvascular flow index increased less than in the hydroxyethyl starch group (2.7 [2.4; 2.8]; both P < 0.001 for saline vs. hydroxyethyl starch). CONCLUSIONS: Resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch maintained coherence in hemorrhagic shock. In contrast, saline only improved macro- but not microcirculation. Hemodynamic coherence might be influenced by the choice of resuscitation fluid.
