ABSTRACT
Backgrounds: The aim of this study was to determine whether the addition of bioactive materials derived from Menstrual Blood Stem Cells (MenSCs) to the oocyte maturation medium may improve the quality of bovine embryos in vitro. Methods: MenSCs were collected from 6 healthy women (between 26 and 36 years old) and after 3 days of culture, their bioactive materials were frozen. The bovine Cumulus-Oocyte-Complexes (COCs) were aspirated from ovarian slaughterhouse and the oocytes with more than three layers of cumulus cells were cultured in vitro in media supplemented with (treatment) and without (control) 10% MenSCs' bioactive materials. After IVM/IVF, the presumptive zygotes were cultured for 8 days. Results: The blastocyst rate on day 8 in treatment group was higher than control (40.2±1.9 vs. 23±4.2.3, p=0.001). The ratio of Trophectoderm (TE) and Inner Cell Mass (ICM) (ICM/TE) cells was also greater in treatment group compared to control (30.3±2 vs. 14.9±1; p=0.001). The re-expansion of vitrified blastocysts, 24 hours after warming, in treatment group was higher than control (93.3±2.5 vs. 66.2±8.8; p=0.01). The expression of some genes related to pluripotency and implantation (OCT4, CDX2, and IFNT) were increased in treatment group compared to control (p<0/05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the addition of MenSCs' bioactive materials during in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes could improve the quantity and quality of bovine IVP embryos. Also, the expression of some genes associated with pluripotency and implantation in the blastocyst would be increased.
ABSTRACT
Extrusion bioprinting is an emerging technology to apply biomaterials precisely with living cells (referred to as bioink) layer by layer to create three-dimensional (3D) functional constructs for tissue engineering. Printability and cell viability are two critical issues in the extrusion bioprinting process; printability refers to the capacity to form and maintain reproducible 3D structure and cell viability characterizes the amount or percentage of survival cells during printing. Research reveals that both printability and cell viability can be affected by various parameters associated with the construct design, bioinks, and bioprinting process. This paper briefly reviews the literature with the aim to identify the affecting parameters and highlight the methods or strategies for rigorously determining or optimizing them for improved printability and cell viability. This paper presents the review and discussion mainly from experimental, computational, and machine learning (ML) views, given their promising in this field. It is envisioned that ML will be a powerful tool to advance bioprinting for tissue engineering.
