Concurrent Training Promoted Sustained Anti-atherogenic Benefits in the Fasting Plasma Triacylglycerolemia of Postmenopausal Women at 1-Year Follow-up.

Rossi, FE, Diniz, TA, Fortaleza, ACS, Neves, LM, Picolo, MR, Monteiro, PA, Buonani, C, Lira, FS, and Freitas, IF Jr. Concurrent training promoted sustained anti-atherogenic benefits in the fasting plasma triacylglycerolemia of postmenopausal women at 1-year follow-up. J Strength Cond Res 32(12): 3573-3582, 2018-The aim of this study was to compare the effects of aerobic and concurrent training (aerobic plus strength training) on the lipid profiles of normotriacylglycerolemic and hypertriacylglycerolemic postmenopausal women and to verify whether the benefits of aerobic and concurrent training were sustained after 1 year. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG), and glucose were assessed in 46 normotriacylglycerolemic (TAG < 150 mg·dl) postmenopausal women divided into 3 groups: aerobic training, concurrent training (CT), and a control group. For CT group, hypertriacylglycerolemic postmenopausal women were recruited (TAG ≥ 150 mg·dl, n = 14). Total daily caloric consumption and free-living physical activity were evaluated by dietary questionnaires and accelerometer, respectively, and fat mass by DXA. In 16 weeks, CT was effective in increasing HDL-c (normotriacylglycerolemic: pre = 57.1 ± 17.3 mg·dl × post = 64.3 ± 16.1 mg·dl p = 0.020 and hypertriacylglycerolemic: pre = 44.7 ± 9.6 mg·dl × post = 50.3 ± 15.3 mg·dl; p = 0.012) and reducing the atherogenic index in normotriacylglycerolemic (pre = 3.6 ± 0.9 mg·dl × post = 3.0 ± 0.6 mg·dl; p = 0.003) and hypertriacylglycerolemic (pre = 5.2 ± 1.1 mg·dl × post = 4.7 ± 1.2 mg·dl; p = 0.018) postmenopausal women. In addition, the effects were sustained at the 1-year follow-up only among the hypertriacylglycerolemic postmenopausal women. The anti-atherogenic status in normotriacylglycerolemic and hypertriacylglycerolemic postmenopausal women was changed by CT but without significant differences between groups. Furthermore, these benefits are sustained at the 1-year follow-up among the hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects.

Combined Training (Aerobic Plus Strength) Potentiates a Reduction in Body Fat but Demonstrates No Difference on the Lipid Profile in Postmenopausal Women When Compared With Aerobic Training With a Similar Training Load.

The aim of this study was to verify the effects of aerobic and combined training on the body composition and lipid profile of obese postmenopausal women and to analyze which of these models is more effective after equalizing the training load. Sixty-five postmenopausal women (age = 61.0 ± 6.3 years) were divided into 3 groups: aerobic training (AT, n = 15), combined training (CT [strength + aerobic], n = 32), and control group (CG, n = 18). Their body composition upper body fat (TF), fat mass (FM), percentage of FM, and fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The lipid profile, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were assessed. There was a statistically significant difference in the TF (AT = -4.4%, CT = -4.4%, and CG = 1.0%, p = 0.001) and FFM (AT = 1.7%, CT = 2.6%, and CG = -1.4%, p = 0.0001) between the experimental and the control groups. Regarding the percentage of body fat, there was a statistically significant difference only between the CT and CG groups (AT = -2.8%, CT = -3.9%, and CG = 0.31%; p = 0.004). When training loads were equalized, the aerobic and combined training decreased core fat and increased FFM, but only the combined training potentiated a reduction in percentage of body fat in obese postmenopausal women after the training program. High-density lipoprotein-c levels increased in the combined group, and the chol/HDL ratio (atherogenic index) decreased in the aerobic group; however, there were no significant differences between the intervention programs. Taken together, both the exercise training programs were effective for improving body composition and inducing an antiatherogenic status.

Retrospective study of bovine neonatal mortality: cases reported from INTA Balcarce, Argentina.

A retrospective study was performed on 169 beef and dairy calves aged from 1 to 7 days old submitted to the Diagnostic Laboratories at INTA Balcarce, Argentina. Bacterial culture was performed for aerobic and microaerophilic organisms. Samples from spleen and lymph nodes, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were also cultured for viral isolation on cell culture. Bovine rotavirus was detected by direct-ELISA. Multiple tissue samples were fixed in 10% formalin, routinely processed and Stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic examination. Etiological diagnosis was made in 70 of the 169 calves. Infectious agents were identified in 49 cases, the most common being Escherichia coli. When the histopathological examination was performed in cases with undetermined diagnosis, it was noted that 44 specimens had histological lesions, which suggested the presence of an infectious agent. In order to characterize the causes of bovine neonatal mortality, the protocols and methodology should be improved in further works.

Retrospective study of bovine neonatal mortality: cases reported from INTA Balcarce, Argentina / Estudio retrospectivo de mortalidad neonatal bovina: Casos hallados en INTA-Balcarce, Argentina

A retrospective study was performed on 169 beef and dairy calves aged from 1 to 7 days old submitted to the Diagnostic Laboratories at INTA Balcarce, Argentina. Bacterial culture was performed for aerobic and microaerophilic organisms. Samples from spleen and lymph nodes, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were also cultured for viral isolation on cell culture. Bovine rotavirus was detected by direct-ELISA. Multiple tissue samples were fixed in 10% formalin, routinely processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic examination. Etiological diagnosis was made in 70 of the 169 calves. Infectious agents were identified in 49 cases, the most common being Escherichia coli. When the histopathological examination was performed in cases with undetermined diagnosis, it was noted that 44 specimens had histological lesions, which suggested the presence of an infectious agent. In order to characterize the causes of bovine neonatal mortality, the protocols and methodology should be improved in further works.

Se realizó un estudio restrospectivo en 169 terneros muertos 1 a 7 días después del nacimiento pertenecientes a rodeos para carne y leche, remitidos a los Laboratorios de Diagnóstico del INTA Balcarce, Argentina. Para detectar organismos aeróbicos y microaerófilos se realizó el cultivo bacteriano. Para el aislamiento viral sobre cultivo celular, se recolectaron muestras de bazo, ganglios linfáticos y sangre periférica. El rotavirus bovino fue identificado por ELISA directo. Se efectuó el examen microscópico de diferentes tejidos, los cuales fueron fijados en formol al 10%, procesados y teñidos con hematoxilina y eosina. Se obtuvo un diagnóstico etiológico en 70 de los 169 terneros. Se identificaron agentes infecciosos en 49 casos, siendo el más común Escherichia coli. En los casos con diagnóstico indeterminado, el examen histopatológico realizado determinó que 44 especímenes poseían lesiones compatibles con la presencia de agentes infecciosos. Es necesario mejorar los protocolos y las metodologías de trabajo a los fines de caracterizar las causas de mortalidad neonatal en bovinos.

Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeic calves in Argentina.

Faecal samples from 76 diarrhoeic calves belonging to 36 farms located in the Pampas plain, Argentina, were examined for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). A total of 15 STEC strains were isolated from 12 (15.8%) calves which came from six different farms. All stx positive strains assayed by PCR were also positives in the Vero cell cytotoxicity test. The majority (60.0%) of the STEC strains carried the stx(1) gene. Twelve (80.0%) of the STEC isolates which belonged to serotypes O5:H- (n = 4), O26:H11 (n = 4), O26:H- (n = 1), O111:H- (n = 2), and O123:H38 (n = 1) were also enterohaemolysin (EHly) positive and carried the gene encoding for intimin (eae). All the stx positive strains were negative for the bfpA gene. Localized adherence to HEp-2 cells were observed in 83.3% of the eae+ STEC strains. STEC belonging to serotype O5:H- showed atypical biochemical properties, including urease production. Urease was also produced by two strains belonging to serotypes O153:H? and non-typeable, respectively. Resistance to three or more antibiotics was observed in 12 (80.0%) of the STEC isolates. Most of the serotypes of STEC recovered in this survey carried virulence traits that are associated with increased human and bovine pathogenicity. The present study shows that highly virulent STEC strains are being shed by diarrhoeic calves from farms located in a high incidence area of human STEC infections.

Occurrence and characteristics of CS31A antigen-producing Escherichia coli in calves with diarrhoea and septicaemia in Argentina.

CS31A is a K88-related non-fimbrial adhesin first described on Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic and septicaemic calves. In this report, CS31A antigen was screened by immunological methods and confirmed by PCR among bovine E. coli isolates. In addition, CS31A-producing strains were characterized with respect to different fimbrial antigens, O-serogroup and other properties related to virulence. Faecal or tissue specimens of 100 diarrhoeic or septicaemic calves and 27 older cattle with different pathologies from 71 outbreaks or individual cases that occurred in Buenos Aires province, Argentina, were examined. CS31A + E. coli strains were isolated from 21 (21.0%) calves from 16 outbreaks or individual cases. No CS31A + E. coli was detected in samples from cattle more than 1 year old. Fimbriae F5, F41, F17a and F17b were not detected among the CS31A-producing strains. Three (14.3%) of the CS31A+ E. coli strains expressed the F17c fimbria. All of the 21 isolates exhibited at least one property of septicaemic strains (resistance to serum, production of aerobactin or colicins) but none of them demonstrated heat-stable enterotoxigenic activity. CS31A + E. coli isolates belonged to 10 serogroups, more commonly O8, O7, O17 and O21. The results obtained here confirm the worldwide distribution of CS31A antigen in bovine E. coli strains. However, CS31A + or CS31A + /F17c + E. coli were less frequently isolated than they were in North hemisphere countries.

Campylobacter fetus diagnosis: direct immunofluorescence comparing chicken IgY and rabbit IgG conjugates.

In Argentina Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis is routinely diagnosed by direct immunofluorescence test. Generally, the hyperimmune sera used for this test are obtained from rabbits and less often from goats. In this work, a chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) extract was conjugated and its ability to detect campylobacters with the regular conjugate prepared with rabbit sera was comparatively evaluated. Both conjugates were independently evaluated by two laboratories, named "Azul" (Lab A) and "Balcarce" (Lab B). Animals were immunised with formalin inactivated Campylobacter (C.) fetus cells. Chicken IgY and rabbit IgG were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and used to comparatively examine strains of C. fetus subspp., other Campylobacter spp. and different bacterial species. Both conjugates had a high percentage rate of detection for C. fetus. IgY had less background due to unspecific fluorescence than IgG. IgY is a cheap, bloodless and very productive method. IgY can replace mammal immunoglobulins for C. fetus diagnosis.

Evaluación de medios de cultivo selectivos para el aislamiento de Salmonella en producción avícola / Evaluation of selective culture media for isolation of Salmonella from poultry

Se evaluó el desempeño de los medios agar Rambach, agar xilosa-lisina-desoxicolato (XLD) con el agregado de diferentes concentraciones de tergitol tipo 4 o sulfato de sodio y de 7-etil-2-metil-4-undecanol (XLDT4), agar Salmonella-Shigella (SS) y agar sulfito de bismuto según Wilson-Blair (SB) utilizando serovariedades de Salmonella spp. y otras especies bacterianas de la flora intestinal de las aves. Los medios de cultivo selectivos fueron evaluados mediante recuento de bacterias viables, comparando estos resultados con los del agar base Columbia (ABC) adicionado con sangre bovina al 7 por ciento, para lo cual se emplearon las serovariedades de Salmonella spp. que con mayor frecuencia se aíslan en las aves de nuestro país. Además se analizaron muestras provenientes de pollos experimentalmente inoculados con distintas serovariedades de Salmonella. Los medios Rambach, SS y XLD o XLDT4 son adecuados para el aislamiento de salmonelas. En cambio el agar SB fue muy inhibidor para las salmonelas de interés veterinario. El agregado de novobiocina o tergitol al medio XLD no inhibio completamente a todas las cepas de Proteus. En el agar Rambach comercial no creció ninguna de las cepas de Proteus que habían desarrollado en los otros medios. Diversas bacterias contaminantes produjeron colonias similares a Salmonella en los agares Rambach, SS, XLD y XLDT4. Dado que las especies bacterianas contaminantes que desarrollan en los medios de cultivo son diferentes, es recomendable optimizar el diagnóstico sembrando las muestras en los agares SS, XLD o XLDT4 y simultáneamente también en agar Rambach

Evaluación de medios de cultivo selectivos para el aislamiento de Salmonella en producción avícola / Evaluation of selective culture media for isolation of Salmonella from poultry

Se evaluó el desempeño de los medios agar Rambach, agar xilosa-lisina-desoxicolato (XLD) con el agregado de diferentes concentraciones de tergitol tipo 4 o sulfato de sodio y de 7-etil-2-metil-4-undecanol (XLDT4), agar Salmonella-Shigella (SS) y agar sulfito de bismuto según Wilson-Blair (SB) utilizando serovariedades de Salmonella spp. y otras especies bacterianas de la flora intestinal de las aves. Los medios de cultivo selectivos fueron evaluados mediante recuento de bacterias viables, comparando estos resultados con los del agar base Columbia (ABC) adicionado con sangre bovina al 7 por ciento, para lo cual se emplearon las serovariedades de Salmonella spp. que con mayor frecuencia se aíslan en las aves de nuestro país. Además se analizaron muestras provenientes de pollos experimentalmente inoculados con distintas serovariedades de Salmonella. Los medios Rambach, SS y XLD o XLDT4 son adecuados para el aislamiento de salmonelas. En cambio el agar SB fue muy inhibidor para las salmonelas de interés veterinario. El agregado de novobiocina o tergitol al medio XLD no inhibio completamente a todas las cepas de Proteus. En el agar Rambach comercial no creció ninguna de las cepas de Proteus que habían desarrollado en los otros medios. Diversas bacterias contaminantes produjeron colonias similares a Salmonella en los agares Rambach, SS, XLD y XLDT4. Dado que las especies bacterianas contaminantes que desarrollan en los medios de cultivo son diferentes, es recomendable optimizar el diagnóstico sembrando las muestras en los agares SS, XLD o XLDT4 y simultáneamente también en agar Rambach (AU)

[Evaluation of selective culture media for the isolation of Salmonella from poultry]. / Evaluación de medios de cultivo selectivos para el aislamiento de Salmonella en producción avícola.

Rambach agar, xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar (XLD) with different concentrations of Tergitol 4 or 7 ethyl-2 methyl-4 undecanol hydrogen sulphate, sodium salt (XLDT4), Salmonella-Shigella agar (SS) and bismuth sulfite agar according to Wilson-Blair (BS) were evaluated using Salmonella spp. serovars and other bacterial species from the intestinal flora of poultry. Growth of the most common Salmonella serovars isolated from chickens in our country were evaluated using a viable counting technique on the different selective media and these results were compared with those obtained on Columbia base (ABC) agar plus 7% bovine blood (Table 1). Samples from Salmonella experimentally inoculated chickens were also examined. Results showed that Rambach, SS and XLD or XLDT4 were all satisfactory for isolation of Salmonella. Bismuth Sulfite agar was too inhibitory for bacteria important in veterinary practice. The characteristic colonies of Salmonella and other common fecal contaminant bacteria growing on SS, Rambach, XLDT4 and SB are shown in Table 2. Addition of tergitol or novobiocin to XLD agar did not completely inhibit the growth of all Proteus spp. strains examined. None of the Proteus spp. strains able to multiply on SS, XLD or XLDT4 agar grew on the commercial Rambach agar. Several different contaminant bacterial species produced Salmonella-like colonies on Rambach, SS, XLD and XLDT4 agars. Because these contaminant bacterial species are different it is advisable to improve the diagnosis by culturing samples on SS, XLD or XLDT4 agar and also simultaneously on Rambach agar.

Evaluación de medios de cultivo selectivos para el aislamiento de Salmonella en producción avícola. / [Evaluation of selective culture media for the isolation of Salmonella from poultry]

Rambach agar, xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar (XLD) with different concentrations of Tergitol 4 or 7 ethyl-2 methyl-4 undecanol hydrogen sulphate, sodium salt (XLDT4), Salmonella-Shigella agar (SS) and bismuth sulfite agar according to Wilson-Blair (BS) were evaluated using Salmonella spp. serovars and other bacterial species from the intestinal flora of poultry. Growth of the most common Salmonella serovars isolated from chickens in our country were evaluated using a viable counting technique on the different selective media and these results were compared with those obtained on Columbia base (ABC) agar plus 7

bovine blood (Table 1). Samples from Salmonella experimentally inoculated chickens were also examined. Results showed that Rambach, SS and XLD or XLDT4 were all satisfactory for isolation of Salmonella. Bismuth Sulfite agar was too inhibitory for bacteria important in veterinary practice. The characteristic colonies of Salmonella and other common fecal contaminant bacteria growing on SS, Rambach, XLDT4 and SB are shown in Table 2. Addition of tergitol or novobiocin to XLD agar did not completely inhibit the growth of all Proteus spp. strains examined. None of the Proteus spp. strains able to multiply on SS, XLD or XLDT4 agar grew on the commercial Rambach agar. Several different contaminant bacterial species produced Salmonella-like colonies on Rambach, SS, XLD and XLDT4 agars. Because these contaminant bacterial species are different it is advisable to improve the diagnosis by culturing samples on SS, XLD or XLDT4 agar and also simultaneously on Rambach agar.

[Comparative study of culture media for isolating Brucella ovis]. / Estudio comparativo de medios de cultivo para aislar Brucella ovis.

For the isolation of Brucella ovis, modified Thayer-Martin medium with the addition of 0.01 micrograms/ml of trimethoprim and 100 IU of nystatin (TMM) was compared with Skirrow Agar (SK). Using viable counting technique, 11 strains were evaluated and the results were compared with those using Columbia Base Agar with bovine blood 7% (CBA). Ninety-four semen samples of 33 rams from a flock with infection antecedents were cultured on the same media. Growth of Brucella ovis strains was similar in all three media with the exception of one strain that did not grow on TMM. The results of semen cultures were the same for TMM and SK media and B. ovis was isolated from 27% of the samples. The results indicate that TMM and SK media are excellent for the isolation of B. ovis from semen of rams in field conditions.

Estudio comparativo de medios de cultivo para aislar Brucella ovis. / [Comparative study of culture media for isolating Brucella ovis]

For the isolation of Brucella ovis, modified Thayer-Martin medium with the addition of 0.01 micrograms/ml of trimethoprim and 100 IU of nystatin (TMM) was compared with Skirrow Agar (SK). Using viable counting technique, 11 strains were evaluated and the results were compared with those using Columbia Base Agar with bovine blood 7

(CBA). Ninety-four semen samples of 33 rams from a flock with infection antecedents were cultured on the same media. Growth of Brucella ovis strains was similar in all three media with the exception of one strain that did not grow on TMM. The results of semen cultures were the same for TMM and SK media and B. ovis was isolated from 27

of the samples. The results indicate that TMM and SK media are excellent for the isolation of B. ovis from semen of rams in field conditions.