ABSTRACT
Cancer is one of the serious diseases of modern times, occurring in all parts of the world and shows a wide range of effects on the human body. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) such as oxide and superoxide ions have both advantages and disadvantages during the progression of cancer, dependent on their concentration. It is a necessary part of the normal cellular mechanisms. Changes in its normal level can cause oncogenesis and other relatable problems. Metastasis can also be controlled by ROS levels in the tumor cells, which can be prevented by the use of antioxidants. However, ROS is also used for the initiation of apoptosis in cells by different mediators. There exists a cycle between the production of oxygen reactive species, their effect on the genes, role of mitochondria and the progression of tumors. ROS levels cause DNA damage by the oxidation process, gene damage, altered expression of the genes and signalling mechanisms. They finally lead to mitochondrial disability and mutations, resulting in cancer. This review summarizes the important role and activity of ROS in developing different types of cancers like cervical, gastric, bladder, liver, colorectal and ovarian cancers.
ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a complex disease with multifactorial origin where cardiac membrane damage, inflammation, persistent oxidative stress, apoptosis and mitochondrial damage play a significant role. CVD is associated with high mortality rate and poor clinical outcome due to late diagnosis. Therefore, reliable accurate and specific biomarkers help in timely diagnosis and prevention of further damage. Beside creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), etc. which are commonly used biomarkers, we need other supportive and accurate biomarkers for targeted diagnosis, as CVD is a complex diseased condition. Further, mechanism and symptoms of different types of CVD such as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris and heart failure are overlapping, hence in the recent time, multi-markers are used. Multi-markers include markers for oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, membrane damage and energy metabolism. Understanding the etiology of disease, various novel markers have been developed and many of them are in pipeline. For bringing these biomarkers into clinical practice, various statistical criteria such as reclassification, discrimination and calibration are needed to validate and hence these novel biomarkers are yet to be used clinically. For pre-clinical studies, these markers play a vital role in establishing CVD and screening molecules for their cardio protective potential. We therefore, in the current manuscript have discussed various established and other important novel biomarkers for cardiovascular disorders, like biomarker for oxidative stress, cardiac inflammation, membrane damage, plaque rupture and thrombosis.
