ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Sparing of obturator nerve is a common problem encountered during transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) under spinal anesthesia. AIMS: To evaluate and compare obturator nerve block (ONB) by two different techniques during TURBT. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This is prospective observational study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty adult male patients from the American Society of Anesthesiologists Class I-IV planned to undergo TURBT under spinal anesthesia were divided into two groups of twenty each. In one group, ONB was performed with nerve locator. In other group, transvesical nerve block was performed with a cystoscope. The primary endpoints of this study were the occurrence of adductor reflex, ability to resect the tumor, and number of surgical interruptions. A number of transfusions required and bladder perforation were the secondary endpoints. RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference between the groups for resection without adductor jerk, resection with a minimal jerk, and unresectable with high-intensity adductor jerk. Bleeding was observed in both groups and one bladder perforation was encountered. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that ONB, when administered along with spinal anesthesia for TURBT, is extremely safe and effective method of anesthesia to overcome adductor contraction. ONB with nerve locator appears to be more effective method compared to the transvesical nerve block.
ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Blind insertion of central venous catheter has many implications. Better options should be sought to perform this procedure. AIM: To evaluate various options for positioning central venous catheter tip. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This is institutional based randomized prospective controlled study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study depth and position of central venous catheter were evaluated in 150 patients in intensive care unit. Three different methods: Pere's, landmark, and endocavitory (atrial) ECG control were used. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Twoway ANOVA test was applied on SPSS version 16 to test the significant difference between the three groups. RESULTS: Patient characteristic and demographic data were similar in the three groups. The average depth of central venous catheter by Pere's, landmark, and endocavitory (ECG) technique were 14.20 ± 0.69 cm, 12.08 ± 0.98 cm, and 8.18 ± 0.74 cm, respectively. CONCLUSION: The correct position of central venous catheter by endocavitory (atrial) ECG appears not only to reduce the procedure related complications but also post procedure manipulation of catheter tip detected by post procedure chest X-ray.
ABSTRACT
In the present study, personal and social problems and ambitions of a group of foreign adolescents (Italians, Spaniards, and Greeks) living in Germany were compared with those of a group of German adolescents. Results showed that family and religion play a much more important and fundamental role for foreign adolescents than for Germans. Although parents seem to have the same importance for all adolescents, the emotional life in the families of Italians, Spaniards, and Greeks is much broader than that of Germans: for foreign adolescents, emotional relations with siblings and grandparents also are important. Again, although German and foreign adolescents do not show significant differences in their religious practices (e.g., church attendance), the latter have much deeper religious beliefs. The results are explained in terms of the different sociocultural backgrounds of these groups of adolescents.
Subject(s)
Acculturation , Aspirations, Psychological , Career Choice , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Emigration and Immigration , Adolescent , Family , Female , Germany, West , Humans , Leisure Activities , Male , Religion and Psychology , Social EnvironmentABSTRACT
The existing literature on smoking among young people in the Federal Republic of Germany is reviewed. Smoking is spread differently among the German youths, varying from place to place. Smoking is more widely spread in the cities than in the country. It is spread more widely in the commerce schools than in other schools. The boys smoke more often and more heavily than the girls. The difference between the two sexes is greater in the country than in the cities. As a rule, the young people smoke filter cigarettes with medium strong tobacco. The majority of the school students smoke less than five cigarettes per day.
