Natural Polymer-Based Nanogel for pH-Responsive Delivery of Sorafenib Tosylate in Hemangiosarcoma.

Smart nanomedicinal treatment for cancer manifests a solubility challenge with inherent nanoscale size and nonspecific release with stimuli-responsive potential. This is the limelight in novel chemotherapy to pursue physiochemical differences between the tumor microenvironment (TME) and normal cells, which introduces active groups of nanocarriers responding to various stimuli, endowing them with concise responses to various tumor-related signals. The nanogels were successfully prepared by a modified solvent evaporation technique. Nine batches were formulated by changing the chitosan concentration (12, 14, 16 mg/ml) and sonication time (5, 10, 15 min). The formulations were optimized for particle size and zeta potential with high percent entrapment efficiency (%EE) through Central Composite Design software. The optimized batch F7 had a 182-nm size and high zeta potential (64.5 mV) with 98% EE. The drug release of F7 was higher at pH 6 (97.556%) than at pH 7.4 (45.113%). The pharmacokinetic study shows that the release follows the Hixon plot model (R2 = 0.9334) that shifts to zero order (R2 = 0.9149). The nanogel F7 was observed for stability and showed an absence of color change, phase separation, and opacity for 6 months. In the present study, the pH difference between cancer cells and normal cells is the key point of the smart nanogel. This study is promising but challenging depending on the in vivo study. The nanogel was successfully prepared and evaluated for pH-responsive release. As hemangiosarcoma commonly occurs in dogs, this formulation helps to limit the difficulties with administration.

Multiple ocean parameter-based potential fishing zone (PFZ) location generation and validation in the Western Bay of Bengal.

A new conceptual framework based on satellite data, including chlorophyll (CHL), sea surface temperature (SST) fronts, relative winds, current vectors, Ekman transport, and eddies, has been developed to identify potential fishing zones (PFZ) in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). The framework aims to provide persistent forecasts, even under cloudy conditions, based on feature propagation. The validation of the PFZ was carried out using fish catch data collected by the Fishery Survey of India (FSI) between 2016 and 2018. Hooking rates (HR) from longlines and catch per unit effort (CPUE) from trawl nets were used to analyse the data points in hook rate categories (1.0-3.0 and > 3.0) and CPUE categories (50-100 kg and > 100 kg) and interpret them with the PFZ maps. The analysis showed that the high fish catch locations were consistent with persisting features in the BoB, such as high chlorophyll patches, SST fronts, and cyclonic eddies. The high fish catch locations based on hook rate and high CPUE were found to be collocated with the high chlorophyll persisting features and thermal gradients in the BoB. The regression analysis shows that availability of the food (CHL) had the strongest correlation with fish catch, followed by the comfort condition (fronts and eddies).

Retromaxillary Cell: Radiological Analysis and Clinical Significance.

Retromaxillary cell (RMC), one of the anatomical variations of the posterior ethmoidal cell and is often overlooked during primary functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The incomplete removal of the disease from RMC leads to need for revision surgery. This study was aimed at analyzing Computed tomography scans of patients' paranasal sinuses for the incidence, types and radiological evaluation of Retromaxillary cell. Incidence of RMC was 74% (74/100 sides). The sex distribution was 31 (62%) males and 19 (38%) females. 34 patients (85%) had bilateral RMC and 6 patients (15%) had unilateral RMC. Lateral extension of RMC ranged from 1.03 to 11.3 mm. Out of 74 sides examined, 20 (27.02) were type I, 36 were type II (48.64%) and 18 (24.32%) were type III. The incidence of maxillary sinus disease on RMC sides and non-RMC sides has no significant difference (p < 0.5). RMC is lateral extension of posterior ethmoidal cell beneath the orbit and posterosuperior to maxillary sinus. The depth of the RMC is highly variable. The risk of residual disease in FESS is high in Type III RMC and one should pay attention to presence or absence of RMC and type of RMC prior to the endoscopic sinus surgery. Radiological study of RMC helps in preoperative planning and therefore intraoperative complete clearance of disease in endoscopic sinus surgery.