Analysis of Heart Rate Variability and Implication of Different Factors on Heart Rate Variability.

BACKGROUND: The heart is the central organ of the circulatory system, which maintains the flow of blood along with the transport of nutrients to different cells and tissues. A well-functioning cardiac state is a complicated mode of changeability. A healthy heart is not only about oscillation, as the rhythmometer is not the same in every circumstance. Heart rate shows variations so that it can be regulated according to psychophysiological conditions to maintain the effect of the internal-external stimulus. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this review is to provide a piece of all-inclusive information about heart rate variability (HRV) and different variables affecting HRV. The direct interconnection so that HRV can be used in clinical practices. METHODS: This review article contains a detailed survey of literature about HRV available in different online sources such as; Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Science, etc. In this review, the authors have focused on the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of HRV and the role of various factors affecting HRV. RESULTS: The variation in the time between two heartbeats is termed as HRV. It is one of the indicators of many pathological conditions related to cardiovascular health. It provided reliable information about the interaction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The analysis of the variation of heart rate is a well-known non-invasive technique to identify the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) depends on the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system for transferring information. The cardio-accelerating center, lungs, and non-striated muscles are innervated by cardiac sympathetic nerves. This division of ANS latches upon the heart accordingly via the cervicothoracic ganglion and vagus nerve. It is found that cardiac normal variability depends upon this stimulation towards the sinoatrial node (pacemaker), which can be evaluated by analyzing the HRV. In human-based studies, it has been found that a low level of HRV is one of the main causes of death rate among adults. Hence, HRV helps in identifying the risk of cardiac diseases and the state of ANS. CONCLUSION: The heart plays a vital role in the human body and the well-functioning of the cardiac system is the need for a healthy life. The heart contains its nervous system termed as neurocardio system in which ANS plays a key role in which the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems interplay to regulate HRV. High HRV is associated with healthy condition, while low HRV is associated with pathological conditions. The HRV is influenced by various variables such as; pathological, physiological, psychological, environmental factors, lifestyle factors, and genetic factors, etc.

Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and the Role of Vitamins, and Herbal Extracts in the Reduction of Cardiovascular Risks.

BACKGROUND: Heart disease (cardiovascular disease: CVD) is considered the leading cause of worldwide death. These diseases are recognized as group of disorders which are related to heart and blood vessels. Generally, heart diseases are considered life style associated diseases but many other factors are also found associated with cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to provide the till date information regarding local and circulatory disorders, role of different vitamins and herbs on heart diseases. METHODS: This review article contains a detailed survey of literature about cardiovascular diseases, which was available in different online databases such as; PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Elsevier, and Google Scholar, etc. In this review, the authors have focused on the description of cardiovascular disorders, their pathophysiological properties and importance of micronutrients, vitamins and herbs in the management of cardiovascular diseases. RESULTS: Cardiovascular diseases are considered responsible for approximately 17.9 million deaths annually at the global level. Surprisingly, low- and middle-income countries count for 75% of CVD deaths. These diseases represent disorders related to circulatory systems specially heart and coronary arteries. Many lifestyle associated factors such as; high cholesterol consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, metabolic disorders, stress, and other factors such as; family history, age, gender and genetic factors, etc. have been found involved in occurrence of CVDs. That's why management of diet, management of tobacco and alcohol consumption, management of stress, increased physical activities are considered population-wide strategies for control cardiovascular diseases. On the basis of pathophysiology, heart diseases are of many types and out of them, Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) and Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) are considered serious and catastrophic cardiac disorders. Intake of vitamins, micronutrients, lycopene, omega 3 fatty acid and many herbs like Crataegus oxyacantha (Hawthron), Allium sativum (garlic), Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi), Ginkgo biloba have been identified good for cardiovascular diseases management and treatment. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular diseases are considered one of the fatal clinical conditions, as many of them are asymptomatic. The regulation of diet, increased physical activities, and healthy lifestyle are recommended to control the development of cardiovascular problems. Including this, scientific studies have supported the role of many vitamins, nutrients and herbs as beneficial in cardiovascular diseases, but many of them could not demonstrate their role at clinical level but it is suggested that their role as nutrients can not be ignored and their consumption may reduce the cardiovascular risks.