[Results of surgery for hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage]. / Výsledky operácií hypertonických mozgových krvácaní.

The authors subdued 82 patients to an analysis, the aim of which was to determine the most optimum indication criterias for operations due to hypertonic brain hemorrhage. The survival rate, its qualities and other parameters in the group under observation did not significantly differ from characteristics of groups of patients given by literature. Therefore, they recommend the following factors to be taken into consideration of surgical indication: age, general status of the patient, localization of the hematoma, associated internal diseases. (Tab. 3, Fig. 5, Ref. 16.)

[Comparison of ultrasonic and computer tomography examinations of the intracranial space in early childhood]. / Porovnanie ultrazvukového a pocítacovotomografického vysetrenia intrakraniálneho priestoru v ranom detskom veku.

Comparison of ultrasound (US) and computer tomography (CT) examinations of intracranial pathology in early childhood yielded results speaking in favor of CT examination both in the light of overall precision and completeness of the information provided. The distress involved in the examination of generally seriously threatened children (anesthesia, radiation, transport) on the other hand, advocates US examination as the method of choice, particularly due to its noninvasiveness, the possibility to follow up the dynamics of the process in a series of examinations, its cost effectivity, mobility, threedimensional imaging ability, as well as the possibility to assess conditions that can be affected by treatment in early childhood.

Thyroid volume by ultrasound in boys and girls 6-16 years of age under marginal iodine deficiency as related to the age of puberty.

The results of thyroid volume estimation with the aid of ultrasound in a total of 921 boys and girls 6-16 years of age are reported. The thyroid volume was found to be increasing slowly between the age of 6 and 12 years, but somewhat more remarkable increase occurred at 13 and 14 years of age. However, in both sexes it was nearly doubled at the age of 15-16 years as compared with the values at 13-14 years irrespective of body weight. The thyroid growth rate (as calculated from the least squares analysis of the correlation between thyroid volume and body weight) in girls was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than in boys. In spite of long-term mandatory iodine prophylaxis the average urinary excretion of iodine as estimated in 69 randomly selected subjects was 78.06 micrograms/g creatinine (geometrical mean). It may be suggested that such intake of iodine, though marginally deficient, may be satisfactory up to the age of about 12-14 years, while it appeared to be inadequate for the adolescents at the age of puberty.

Goiter prevalence and thyroid volume by ultrasonographic volumetry in two groups of schoolchildren and adolescents from east Slovakia.

Thyroid volume by ultrasonographic volumetry was estimated in a total of 427 boys and 425 girls aged 7 to 16 years from East Slovakia. It was found that the volume is increasing by age and body weight, being in average about 2.5 ml in 7-8 years old, 3.5 to 4.5 ml in 9-12 years old, 5.2-6.0 ml in 13-14 years old and, as reported previously, 11-12 ml in 15-16 years old. Comparing these results to the findings reported from other countries, it may be concluded that in 13-14 years old schoolchildren the thyroid volume was about twice as high as reported for the same age group from Sweden (with presumably sufficient iodine intake) and by about 20 percent less than found in 13 years old schoolchildren in Federal Republic of Germany (with insufficient iodine intake). The average thyroid volume found in pubertal adolescents aged 15-16 years closely resembled that found in Federal Republic of Germany and was even higher than that found in adults from Sweden and Netherlands where the iodine intake is considered to be sufficient. Palpatory findings according to WHO scale showed 21 percent of goiter stage 1a in boys aged 7-14 years and 24 percent in girls of the same age group, while such values were 23 and 27 percent for boys and girls aged 15 and 16 years, respectively. In addition, in those aged 15-16 years about 3 percent of goiter stage 1b were found, while in those aged 7-14 only 3 cases of goiter stage 1b out of 425 examined were observed. It may be concluded that the present status of thyroid size in examined group closely resembles the first grade endemy of goiter as defined recently by Hetzel and, moreover, it may be suggested that the intake of iodine about 100 micrograms daily (which was recently reported by other authors from Czechoslovakia as based on urinary excretion of iodine) apparently does not fully prevent the development of goiter stage 1 in a considerable amount of children and adolescents.

[Peroperative use of two-dimensional ultrasonic imaging in neurosurgery]. / Peroperacné vyuzitie dvojrozmerného ultrazvukového obrazu v neurochirurgii.

The use of "real-time" ultrasonographic two-dimensional picture in the neurosurgery operation theatre increases and improves the possibility of localization of intracerebral and intraspinal lesions, enables precise needle biopsies, decreases a potential risk of damage to healthy brain tissue, visualizes the results of tumour resection, helps in the localization of catheters into chambers and cysts. The final results of the application of two-dimensional picture in the course of neurosurgery operation is in speeding up the surgical therapy, giving it more precision and safety, while the prolongation of the operation due to the ultrasonography is negligible. The authors document the visualization possibilities of two-dimensional ultrasonographic scanning with linear probe in preoperational recordings of different types of lesions in intracranial and intraspinal space.

Thyroid volume of East Slovakian adolescents determined by ultrasound 40 years after the introduction of iodized salt.

Thyroid volume was examined by ultrasonography in 207 boys and 220 girls aged 15-16 years from East Slovakia and it was found that 49.3% of the boys and 52.3% of the girls had thyroids between 10 and 15 ml. These thyroid volumes resemble those found in school children from areas of mild iodine deficiency (e.g. FRG) and are twice as large as those reported from Sweden, where iodine intake is sufficient. The findings were compared to these reported by others in 1949-53 before the introduction of iodine prophylaxis. It may be concluded that 40 years of goiter prophylaxis with iodized salt, though resulting in urinary excretion of approximately 100 micrograms/24 hr (as found by others in 1984), abolished large and medium size goiters in adolescents and decreased a prevalence of goiter grade I to about 25 percent, but appeared still to be insufficient to prevent goiter grade I completely.