ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological trends and characteristics of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in Galicia, Spain, from 2000 to 2019.METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study based on data from the Galician TB information system.RESULTS: Of the total number of TB cases (n = 15,871), 5,428 (34.2%) had EPTB. The absolute number of cases and incidence of EPTB decreased dramatically (from 480 cases and 17.8 cases/100,000 in 2000, to 172 and 6.4 cases/100,000 in 2019, respectively), with a mean annual decrease of respectively 64% and 4.7% for absolute cases and incidence rates. The risk for EPTB was higher in men than in women (RR 3.86, 95% CI 3.66-4.07). The most frequent age group was 15-44 years (2,234 patients, 41.2%); overall reductions per age group were 82% (0-14 years), 75% (15-44 years), 44% (45-64 years) and 63% (≥65 years), with statistically significant differences. The most frequently locations were the pleura (1,916 cases; 35.3%) and the lymph nodes (1,504; 27.7%).CONCLUSION: The incidence of EPTB in Galicia has decreased significantly in the last 20 years. The epidemiological characteristics have not changed, except for the number of patients with risk factors. This improvement of EPTB epidemiological trends coincides with the implementation of the programme for the prevention and control of TB, which suggests that it has been very effective in the control of the EPTB.
Subject(s)
Tuberculosis , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Incidence , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Spain/epidemiology , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Young AdultSubject(s)
Breast Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Breast/pathology , Mammography , Female , Humans , Hyperplasia , Middle AgedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Previous studies to determine memory lateralization with functional MR imaging (fMRI) have used encoding or recall tasks. The convergence between the results of both tasks, however, is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate hemispheric asymmetries of temporal lobe activity (parahippocampus and fusiform gyri) in patients with temporal lesions by using both kinds of fMRI tasks. METHODS: By using blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI, hemispheric asymmetries of 25 consecutive patients admitted for presurgical evaluation of memory and 12 healthy control participants were studied. Activation was induced by using the picture-encoding task (processing of complex scenes) and the hometown-walking task (requiring mental navigation through one's hometown by using landmarks given by participants themselves). RESULTS: Results in the control group showed that both tasks activated the parahippocampus similarly. The picture-encoding task, however, yielded greater posterior activations in the parahippocampus than did the hometown-walking task. As observed in other studies, more than half the patients showed contralesional representation of memory in each task. It is important to note that estimated memory lateralization from each task was different in 30% of patients, and several cases showed clear discrepancies between both tasks. CONCLUSION: Although previous studies showed that both tasks were useful for evaluating memory lateralization, the present study suggested that the administration of both tasks is necessary for presurgical evaluation of memory lateralization in patients with lesions in the temporal lobe. Therefore, both encoding and recall processes should at least be considered in the evaluation of memory.
Subject(s)
Brain Neoplasms/physiopathology , Functional Laterality , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Memory , Temporal Lobe/physiopathology , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
An established method for cryopreservation that might preserve the vascular and endothelial responses of human femoral arteries (HFAs) to be transplanted as allografts was studied. HFAs were harvested from multiorgan donors and stored at 4 degrees C in saline solution before cryostorage. Thirty HFA rings were isolated and randomly assigned to one control group of unfrozen HFAs (eight rings) and one group of cryopreserved HFAs (22 rings). Cryopreservation was performed in RPMI solution containing dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and the rate of cooling was -1 degrees C/min until -40 degrees C and faster rates until -150 degrees C was reached. The contractile and relaxant responses of unfrozen and frozen/thawed arteries were assessed in organ bath by measurement of isometric force generated by the HFAs. After thawing, the maximal contractile responses to the contracting agonist tested (noradrenaline) were in the range of 43% of the responses in unfrozen HFAs. The endothelium-independent responses to sodium nitroprusside were not altered whereas the endothelium-dependent relaxant responses to acetylcholine were weakly altered. The cryopreservation method used provided a limited preservation of contractility of HFAs, a good preservation of the endothelium-independent relaxant responses, and a good preservation of endothelium-dependent relaxation. It is possible that further refinements of the cryopreservation protocol, such as a slower rate of cooling and a more controlled stepwise addition of DMSO, might allow better post-thaw functional recovery.
Subject(s)
Cryopreservation , Femoral Artery , Tissue Preservation , Acetylcholine/pharmacology , Cryoprotective Agents , Dimethyl Sulfoxide , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/physiology , Female , Femoral Artery/drug effects , Femoral Artery/physiology , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Middle Aged , Norepinephrine/pharmacology , Vasoconstriction/drug effects , Vasodilation/drug effectsABSTRACT
Several in vitro studies have demonstrated diminished post-thaw functional activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of thawing and storage method used on the post-thaw functional activity of cryopreserved pig aortas with the aim of adjusting the freezing and thawing protocol so that the vascular segments are preserved in the best possible state, maintaining structure and functionality so that they can later be transplanted with success. In vitro responses of frozen, thawed pig aortas were used to investigate the functional activity after thawing at 15 degrees C and 100 degrees C/min and after storage in gas or liquid phase of liquid nitrogen. Cryopreservation was performed in RPMI 1640 medium + 10% dimethylsulfoxide and the rate of cooling was -1 degrees C/min, until -150 degrees C was reached. After thawing the maximal contractile responses to all the contracting agonists tested (KCl, noradrenaline) were in the ranges of 13-27% compared with the responses in unfrozen pig aortas. Contractile responses were slightly better when thawing was performed at 15 degrees C/min compared with 100 degrees C/min. The endothelium independent relaxant responses to sodium nitroprusside were reduced ( P < 0.05). Cryostorage of pig arteries also resulted in a loss of the endothelium-dependent relaxant response to acetylcholine. The cryopreservation method used provided a limited preservation of pig aorta contractibility, a reduction of the endothelium independent relaxant responses, and no apparent preservation of the endothelium-dependent relaxation. It is possible that further refinements of the cryopreservation protocol might allow better post-thaw functional recovery of pig aortas.
Subject(s)
Aorta, Abdominal , Cryopreservation , Tissue Preservation , Animals , Aorta, Abdominal/drug effects , Aorta, Abdominal/physiology , Cryoprotective Agents , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/physiology , In Vitro Techniques , Nitroprusside/pharmacology , Norepinephrine/pharmacology , Potassium Chloride/pharmacology , Swine , Vasoconstriction/drug effects , Vasodilation/drug effectsABSTRACT
We evaluated the impact of standard cryopreservation on functional properties of human aortic homografts. From seven human donors, the thoracic descending aorta was obtained. Effects of cryopreservation on contractibility and endothelium function were tested. After cryopreservation no endothelium-dependent or endothelium-independent relaxation was found and the contractibility was strongly affected. Arteries showed no function and loss of endothelial integrity after cryopreservation and thawing.
Subject(s)
Aorta, Thoracic , Cryopreservation , Tissue Preservation , Acetylcholine/pharmacology , Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects , Aorta, Thoracic/physiology , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/physiology , Female , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Middle Aged , Nitroprusside/pharmacology , Norepinephrine/pharmacology , Vasoconstriction/drug effects , Vasodilation/drug effectsABSTRACT
An established method for the cryopreservation of human femoral arteries for subsequent transplantation as allografts has been studied with particular attention to preservation of smooth muscle and endothelium. Human femoral arteries (HFAs) were harvested from multi-organ donors. Two groups were established; a control group of unfrozen HFAs and a group of cryopreserved HFAs. Cryopreservation was performed using RPMI solution containing dimethyl sulfoxide and the rate of cooling was 1 degrees C/min to -40 degrees C and faster thereafter until -150 degrees C was reached. The contraction and relaxation responses of unfrozen and frozen/thawed arteries were assessed by measurement of the isometric force generated by the HFAs in an organ bath. After thawing (warming was at 15 degrees C/min) the maximal contractile response to noradrenaline was 43% of the response of unfrozen HFAs. The endothelium-independent response to sodium nitroprusside was not altered, whereas the endothelium-dependent relaxation response to acetylcholine was slightly altered. The cryopreservation method used provided limited preservation of the contractility of human femoral arteries, and good preservation of both endothelium-independent and endothelium-dependent relaxation responses.
Subject(s)
Cryopreservation/methods , Femoral Artery , Acetylcholine/pharmacology , Cryoprotective Agents , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/injuries , Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology , Femoral Artery/drug effects , Femoral Artery/injuries , Femoral Artery/physiopathology , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/injuries , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology , Nitroprusside/pharmacology , Norepinephrine/pharmacology , Solutions , Vasoconstriction/drug effects , Vasodilation/drug effectsABSTRACT
Introducción. La creciente demanda de injertos vasculares ha provocado una búsqueda continua del método `ideal' para minimizar los daños vasculares durante el proceso de conservación. Objetivo. Estudiar la repercusión sobre la histología arterial del proceso de preservación del tejido en sus distintas fases. Pacientes y métodos. Hemos analizado 86 segmentos arteriales (ilíaca y femoral superficial) procedentes de 50 donantes. De cada segmento se obtuvieron tres muestras en distintas fases del proceso, y se establecieron otros tantos grupos de estudio: arterias frescas; postisquemia fría y poscriopreservación. El tiempo máximo de isquemia fria fue de 20 horas y las muestras se mantuvieron en solución antibiótica a 4 °C. La criopreservación se realizó en una solución con dimetil sufóxido (DMSO) con descenso térmico programado de 1 ºC / min con almacenamiento en fase gas (-150 °C a -190 °C). Se valoraron parámetros como la preservación del endotelio, la intensidad de cambios degenerativos (degeneración mixoide, apoptosis) en la pared arterial y la presencia de fracturas, comparando los resultados entre los distintos grupos. Se estudiaron igualmente las causas que llevaron al fracaso de algunos injertos. Resultados. El 81,4 por ciento de las arterias criopreservadas mostró una pérdida prácticamente total del endotelio (3,5 por ciento en los otros dos grupos) y más del 50 por ciento, importantes cambios degenerativos en su pared frente al 3,5 y 8,1 por ciento de los grupos 1 y 2. Conclusiones. El proceso de criopreservación provoca una importante pérdida endotelial y cambios degenerativos en la pared arterial. El tiempo de isquemia fría que se empleó en nuestro estudio no tiene repercusión en la estructura arterial (AU)
Subject(s)
Female , Male , Middle Aged , Humans , Carotid Artery, Common/anatomy & histology , Carotid Artery, Common/physiopathology , Ischemia/complications , Ischemia/diagnosis , Tissue Survival/physiology , Cryopreservation/methods , Cryopreservation/standards , Dimethyl Sulfoxide , Metronidazole/therapeutic use , Vancomycin/therapeutic use , Amikacin/therapeutic use , Arteries/injuries , Arteries/surgery , Endothelium/surgery , Endothelium/physiopathology , Ischemia/complications , Ischemia/diagnosis , Amphotericin B/toxicity , Amphotericin B/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Objetivos. Analizar las consecuencias del protocolo de congelación y del método de almacenamiento utilizado sobre la actividad funcional, la estructura anatomopatológica y el grado de apoptosis de las aortas abdominales de cerdo criopreservadas durante seis meses, tras la descongelación. Materiales y métodos. Se obtuvieron injertos arteriales de cerdos y cada aorta se dividió en dos fragmentos. Grupo 1: segmentos en fresco o bien fijados en formaldehído tras la toma de la muestra (grupo control). Grupo 2: segmentos fijados tras incubación antibiótica y criopreservación durante seis meses para un estudio anatomopatológico y de apoptosis, o bien utilizados directamente tras su descongelación para un estudio funcional. La incubación antibiótica se realizó en medio de un cultivo RPMI suplementado con antibióticos. Después de la incubación antibiótica, la criopreservación se llevó a cabo en medio RPMI con 10 por ciento de dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO). La tasa de enfriamiento fue de 1 °C/min, y el posterior almacenamiento se realizó en fase gaseosa. Resultados. No hay diferencia en cuanto al grado de apoptosis en los dos grupos, ni diferencias significativas en el grado de fragmentación de las elásticas (algo mayor en el grupo 2). Se observa un aumento tanto del grado de despegamiento como del desprendimiento endotelial en el grupo congelado con respecto al grupo control. Después de la descongelación, las máximas respuestas a los vasoconstrictores probados (KCl y noradrenalina) fueron del 13 y el 24 por ciento de las respuestas de las aortas que se obtuvieron en fresco. Las respuestas relajantes independientes del endotelio al nitroprusiato sódico estaban reducidas y se produjo una importante reducción de las respuestas de relajación dependientes del endotelio a la acetilcolina. Conclusiones. El método de criopreservación que se empleó disminuyó las respuestas de contracción y relajación a los seis meses y produjo cambios morfológicos importantes en cuanto a la conservación del endotelio y de las elásticas, pero no alteró el grado de apoptosis (AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cryopreservation/methods , Apoptosis/physiology , Swine/anatomy & histology , Swine/surgery , Cell Survival/physiology , Aorta, Abdominal/surgery , Aorta, Abdominal/physiology , Aorta/surgery , Aorta/physiology , Aorta/physiopathology , Cryopreservation/trends , Cryopreservation , Cryopreservation/veterinary , Laparotomy/methods , Aorta/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Silage is the best method for forage conservation, keeping it in a fresh condition and with high nutrient content. In order to study the natural evolution of maize silage without additives during 50 days after sealed, pH, temperature changes, number and type of the indigenous bacteria were studied every 5 days. The initial pH decreased from 6.40 to 4.10 and temperature stabilized at 26 degrees C. The mesophilic aerobic bacteria were quickly reduced across time. Enterococci were descended gradually. Clostridia remained in a low quantity. The microorganisms most frequently isolated were Escherichia coli, Clostridium butyricum, Enterococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus plantarum; this acid lactic bacteria was the principal cause of the abundant production of anaerobic fermentation of sugars in the forage reaching the pH which maintained the silage in adequate conditions.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/isolation & purification , Silage/microbiology , Zea mays/microbiology , Bacteria/growth & development , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Clostridium/isolation & purification , Enterococcus/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Fermentation , Hot Temperature , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Lactic Acid/biosynthesis , Lactobacillus/isolation & purification , Lactobacillus/physiology , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Silage is the best method for forage conservation, keeping it in a fresh condition and with high nutrient content. In order to study the natural evolution of maize silage without additives during 50 days after sealed, pH, temperature changes, number and type of the indigenous bacteria were studied every 5 days. The initial pH decreased from 6.40 to 4.10 and temperature stabilized at 26 degrees C. The mesophilic aerobic bacteria were quickly reduced across time. Enterococci were descended gradually. Clostridia remained in a low quantity. The microorganisms most frequently isolated were Escherichia coli, Clostridium butyricum, Enterococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus plantarum; this acid lactic bacteria was the principal cause of the abundant production of anaerobic fermentation of sugars in the forage reaching the pH which maintained the silage in adequate conditions.(AU)
Subject(s)
Comparative Study , Bacteria/isolation & purification , Silage/microbiology , Zea mays/microbiology , Bacteria/growth & development , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Clostridium/isolation & purification , Enterococcus/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Fermentation , Hot Temperature , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Lactic Acid/biosynthesis , Lactobacillus/isolation & purification , Lactobacillus/physiology , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Silage is the best method for forage conservation, keeping it in a fresh condition and with high nutrient content. In order to study the natural evolution of maize silage without additives during 50 days after sealed, pH, temperature changes, number and type of the indigenous bacteria were studied every 5 days. The initial pH decreased from 6.40 to 4.10 and temperature stabilized at 26 degrees C. The mesophilic aerobic bacteria were quickly reduced across time. Enterococci were descended gradually. Clostridia remained in a low quantity. The microorganisms most frequently isolated were Escherichia coli, Clostridium butyricum, Enterococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus plantarum; this acid lactic bacteria was the principal cause of the abundant production of anaerobic fermentation of sugars in the forage reaching the pH which maintained the silage in adequate conditions.
Subject(s)
Bacteria , Silage , Zea mays , Lactic Acid/biosynthesis , Bacteria , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Clostridium , Enterococcus , Escherichia coli , Species Specificity , Fermentation , Hot Temperature , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , LactobacillusABSTRACT
Silage is the best method for forage conservation, keeping it in a fresh condition and with high nutrient content. In order to study the natural evolution of maize silage without additives during 50 days after sealed, pH, temperature changes, number and type of the indigenous bacteria were studied every 5 days. The initial pH decreased from 6.40 to 4.10 and temperature stabilized at 26 degrees C. The mesophilic aerobic bacteria were quickly reduced across time. Enterococci were descended gradually. Clostridia remained in a low quantity. The microorganisms most frequently isolated were Escherichia coli, Clostridium butyricum, Enterococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus plantarum; this acid lactic bacteria was the principal cause of the abundant production of anaerobic fermentation of sugars in the forage reaching the pH which maintained the silage in adequate conditions.
ABSTRACT
From January 1990 to July 1992 a prospective study on the salmonellosis form of presentation, reservoirs and transmission in Tandil was carried out. Forty strains of Salmonella enterica were isolated with the following distribution: 28 humans (17 children and 11 adults), 6 in foods (1 in raw milk, 3 in well water, 1 in home made mayonnaise and 1 in chicken salad) and 6 in animals (1 in cow, 2 in chicken and 2 in calves). Salmonella Enteritidis was the most frequent isolate. Disease was evident only in a few susceptible hosts and the epidemiological chain could not be determined in all the cases.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Salmonella Infections/epidemiology , Adult , Animals , Argentina/epidemiology , Cattle/microbiology , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Chickens/microbiology , Child , Female , Food Contamination , Humans , Male , Meat/microbiology , Milk/microbiology , Poultry Diseases/epidemiology , Prospective Studies , Salmonella Food Poisoning/epidemiology , Salmonella Food Poisoning/microbiology , Salmonella Infections/microbiology , Salmonella Infections, Animal/epidemiology , Salmonella enteritidis/isolation & purification , Water MicrobiologyABSTRACT
From January 1990 to July 1992 a prospective study on the salmonellosis form of presentation, reservoirs and transmission in Tandil was carried out. Forty strains of Salmonella enterica were isolated with the following distribution: 28 humans (17 children and 11 adults), 6 in foods (1 in raw milk, 3 in well water, 1 in home made mayonnaise and 1 in chicken salad) and 6 in animals (1 in cow, 2 in chicken and 2 in calves). Salmonella Enteritidis was the most frequent isolate. Disease was evident only in a few susceptible hosts and the epidemiological chain could not be determined in all the cases.
ABSTRACT
From January 1990 to July 1992 a prospective study on the salmonellosis form of presentation, reservoirs and transmission in Tandil was carried out. Forty strains of Salmonella enterica were isolated with the following distribution: 28 humans (17 children and 11 adults), 6 in foods (1 in raw milk, 3 in well water, 1 in home made mayonnaise and 1 in chicken salad) and 6 in animals (1 in cow, 2 in chicken and 2 in calves). Salmonella Enteritidis was the most frequent isolate. Disease was evident only in a few susceptible hosts and the epidemiological chain could not be determined in all the cases.
