Death-associated protein 3 is overexpressed in human thyroid oncocytic tumours.

BACKGROUND: The human death-associated protein 3 (hDAP3) is a GTP-binding constituent of the small subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome with a pro-apoptotic function. METHODS: A search through publicly available microarray data sets showed 337 genes potentially coregulated with the DAP3 gene. The promoter sequences of these 337 genes and 70 out of 85 mitochondrial ribosome genes were analysed in silico with the DAP3 gene promoter sequence. The mitochondrial role of DAP3 was also investigated in the thyroid tumours presenting various mitochondrial contents. RESULTS: The study revealed nine transcription factors presenting enriched motifs for these gene promoters, five of which are implicated in cellular growth (ELK1, ELK4, RUNX1, HOX11-CTF1, TAL1-ternary complex factor 3) and four in mitochondrial biogenesis (nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1), GABPA, PPARG-RXRA and estrogen-related receptor alpha (ESRRA)). An independent microarray data set showed the overexpression of ELK1, RUNX1 and ESRRA in the thyroid oncocytic tumours. Exploring the thyroid tumours, we found that DAP3 mRNA and protein expression is upregulated in tumours presenting a mitochondrial biogenesis compared with the normal tissue. ELK1 and ESRRA were also showed upregulated with DAP3. CONCLUSION: ELK1 and ESRRA may be considered as potential regulators of the DAP3 gene expression. DAP3 may participate in mitochondrial maintenance and play a role in the balance between mitochondrial homoeostasis and tumourigenesis.

Microarray analysis refines classification of non-medullary thyroid tumours of uncertain malignancy.

Conventional histology failed to classify part of non-medullary thyroid lesions as either benign or malignant. The group of tumours of uncertain malignancy (T-UM) concerns either atypical follicular adenomas or the recently called 'tumours of uncertain malignant potential'. To refine this classification we analysed microarray data from 93 follicular thyroid tumours: 10 T-UM, 3 follicular carcinomas, 13 papillary thyroid carcinomas and 67 follicular adenomas, compared to 73 control thyroid tissue samples. The diagnosis potential of 16 selected genes was validated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR on 6 additional T-UM. The gene expression profiles in several groups were examined with reference to the mutational status of the RET/PTC, BRAF and RAS genes. A pathological score (histological and immunohistochemical) was estimate for each of the T-UM involved in the study. The correlation between the T-UM gene profiles and the pathological score allowed a separation of the samples in two groups of benign or malignant tumours. Our analysis confirms the heterogeneity of T-UM and highlighted the molecular similarities between some cases and true carcinomas. We demonstrated the ability of few marker genes to serve as diagnosis tools and the need of a T-UM pathological scoring.

[Spermatozoon mitochondrial DNA]. / ADN mitochondrial du spermatozoïde.

Mitochondria play a primary role in cellular energetic metabolism, homeostasis and death. In spermatozoa, in particular, mitochondria produce the ATP necessary for motility. Mitochondrial functions depend, at least partially, on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The mitochondrial genome, the transmission of which is exclusively maternal contributes to cytoplasmic heredity. Qualitative and quantitative mtDNA abnormalities have been associated with male infertility. This review focuses on the role of mtDNA in human fertility.

[Energy metabolism of the cancer cell: example of mitochondria-rich endocrine tumors]. / Métabolisme énergétique de la cellule cancéreuse: exemple des tumeurs endocrines riches en mitochondries. Conférence donnée lors de la réunion annuelle du GTE Angers--17 novembre 2005.

Most solid tumours preferentially develop glycolytic metabolism, often accompanying tumor aggressiveness. Increase in nucleic acid synthesis is associated with cell proliferation and glucose shunting to the pentose phosphate pathway. High glucose consumption is more associated with a metabolic adaptation than with a mitochondrial defect. Tumor cells do not present specific genetic modifications but adapt their metabolic capacities to their priority needs. However their metabolisms depend on oncogene expression more specifically expressed in this context. The glycolytic pathway is favored by tumor proliferation under hypoxia. Stabilization of HIF1 factor may explain the glycolytic metabolism of the tumors in an anaerobic environment. We demonstrate in two types of mitochondrial rich tumors, that specific defects induce completely different metabolic directions: when familial paragangliomas present a glycolytic metabolism, thyroid oncocytic tumors develop a specific oxidative metabolism.

[An OPA3 gene mutation is responsible for the disease associating optic atrophy and cataract with extrapyramidal signs]. / Atrophie optique, cataracte et signes extra-pyramidaux par mutation du gène OPA3.

INTRODUCTION: In 1961, Garcin et al. described a family with several members affected with optic atrophy associated with cataract, and neurological symptoms. The authors believed this condition to be distinct from other diseases known at that time, e.g. the Behr syndrome, Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome and Friedreich's ataxia. METHOD: This family was followed over a period of 40 years and genes known to be responsible for optic atrophy were sequenced. RESULTS: The G277A mutation of OPA3 gene was responsible for this familial disease. DISCUSSION: A new clinical entity is identified: autosomal dominant optic atrophy and cataract, due to a heterozygous mutation of the OPA3 gene, a nuclear gene encoding a mitochondrial protein.

Dexamethasone impairs muscle energetics, studied by (31)P NMR, in rats.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Glucocorticoid treatments are associated with increased whole-body oxygen consumption. We hypothesised that an impairment of muscle energy metabolism can participate in this increased energy expenditure. METHODS: To investigate this possibility, we have studied muscle energetics of dexamethasone-treated rats (1.5 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for 6 days), in vivo by (31)P NMR spectroscopy. Results were compared with control and pair-fed (PF) rats before and after overnight fasting. RESULTS: Dexamethasone treatment resulted in decreased phosphocreatine (PCr) concentration and PCr:ATP ratio, increased ADP concentration and higher PCr to gamma-ATP flux but no change in beta-ATP to beta-ADP flux in gastrocnemius muscle. Neither 4 days of food restriction (PF rats) nor 24 h fasting affected high-energy phosphate metabolism. In dexamethasone-treated rats, there was an increase in plasma insulin and non-esterified fatty acid concentration. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: We conclude that dexamethasone treatment altered resting in vivo skeletal muscle energy metabolism, by decreasing oxidative phosphorylation, producing ATP at the expense of PCr.

Low oocyte mitochondrial DNA content in ovarian insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetics play an important role in oocyte maturation and embryo development. We have investigated the relationship between defective mitochondrial biogenesis and the lack of oocyte maturity observed during IVF procedures with patients suffering from ovarian dystrophy and ovarian insufficiency. METHODS: We used real-time quantitative PCR to quantify mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in 116 oocytes obtained from 47 women undergoing the ICSI procedure. We compared the mtDNA content of oocytes from women with a normal ovarian profile with that of oocytes from women with ovarian dystrophy and ovarian insufficiency. RESULTS: We found an average of 256,000 +/- 213,000 mitochondrial genomes per cell. The mean mtDNA copy number was not significantly different in ovarian dystrophy compared with controls, but it was significantly lower in oocytes from women with ovarian insufficiency (100,000 +/- 99,000, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that low mtDNA content is associated with the impaired oocyte quality observed in ovarian insufficiency.

Effects of changes in water compartments on physiology and metabolism.

There is paramount evidence to suggest the importance of cell volume changes for the regulation of cell function, including protein metabolism. Among many other effects, cell swelling inhibits proteolysis and stimulates protein synthesis. However, most of the data pertinent to this theory relate to in vitro experiments. This paper reviews the evidence about the relevance of cell swelling and changes in water compartments to regulation of metabolism at the whole body level in animals and humans. Protein metabolism is most likely regulated by cellular hydration in health and disease. Cellular hydration appears to bear no effect on energy metabolism. The relationship between cellular hydration and lipolysis deserves to be verified. There appears to be a possible weak effect on glucose metabolism. Further studies are therefore necessary to challenge the cell swelling theory. If confirmed, strategies to modify cellular hydration could be used to improve metabolic orientations especially in the critically ill.

Increased sperm mitochondrial DNA content in male infertility.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) anomalies in sperm may lead to infertility. Point mutations, deletions and the presence of a specific mtDNA haplogroup have been associated with poor sperm quality, but little attention has been paid to the role of mtDNA content. METHODS: Using density gradient separation and swim-up methods, we selected motile sperm from 32 normal and 35 abnormal sperm samples. The mtDNA/beta-globin gene ratio was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS: The average mtDNA/beta-globin ratio of sperm collected from 100% density layers was 1.4 for normal sperm, 6.1 for sperm samples presenting at least one abnormal criterion [among the three criteria established by World Health Organization (1999), i.e. sperm count, motility and morphology], and 9.1 for sperm samples presenting two or more of these abnormal criteria. These differences are very highly significant (P < 0.0001). The mtDNA numbers were also much greater in sperm collected from the 40% density gradient layers (mean: 17.1, P < 0.001), known to contain the most abnormal sperm of the sperm samples, than in those collected from the 100% layers known to contain sperm with the best fertilizing ability. CONCLUSION: Our results showed significant mtDNA amplification in sperm collected from abnormal sperm samples.

[Thyroid hormones and obesity]. / Hormones thyroïdiennes et obésité

Although the stimulating effect of thyroid hormones on energy metabolism has been recognized for more than a century, the relation between thyroid function and weight control and obesity remains unclear. We review here the effects of thyroid hormones, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism on body composition and the parameters of energy metabolism.

Analysis of Tg transcripts by real-time RT-PCR in the blood of thyroid cancer patients.

Serum Tg (sTg) assays are sometimes unsatisfactory for monitoring thyroid cancer because interference caused by anti-Tg antibodies may reduce the sensitivity of the tests during thyroid hormone therapy. We have therefore developed a complementary method using real-time quantitative RT-PCR based on the amplification of Tg mRNA. Two different pairs of primers were used for the determination of the frequency of one of the variants of the alternative splicing of Tg mRNA. The frequency of this variant was as high in patients (n = 40) as in controls (n = 30), accounting for about 33% of the total Tg mRNA. Using appropriate primers, we observed that Tg mRNA values in controls varied according to the volume of thyroid tissue and the TSH concentration. The Tg mRNA values allowed the definition of a positive cutoff point at 1 pg/microg total RNA. This cutoff point, tested on the group of patients treated for thyroid cancer, produced fewer false negative results than those obtained with sTg assays. The standardized, highly sensitive real-time RT-PCR technique may therefore prove useful as a complement to sTg assays, particularly for patients with recurrent thyroid cancer receiving T(4) therapy.

Total and structured water in cancer: an NMR experimental study of serum and tissues in DMBA-induced OF1 mice.

Total water and structured water (fraction of total water which remains unfrozen below the transition point from the semisolid to solid state) were characterized by 1H NMR relaxometry in the sera and tissues of 3 groups of 30 female mice (C, H and L) receiving a single administration of DMBA and different diets. Mice given the diet H, containing the highest proportion of saturated fatty acids and processed starch, and the lowest phytochemicals content, presented the highest tumor incidence (lymphoma). This allowed 3 subgroups to be defined: subnormal (SN), small (T+) and large tumor (T++). Spin-lattice relaxation times of total water (Tlobs) in the sera and tissues did not significantly differ between C, H and L groups, and SN, T+ and T++ subgroups. In T+ mice, a decrease in the relative amount of structured water was noticed in the serum, liver and heart, while changes in the temperature dependence of the Tl of structured water (Tlsw) were observed between -21 degrees C and -42 degrees C. These results suggest a moderate increase in the rotational mobility of structured water molecules in the serum and the heart, and a pronounced decrease in the liver. Likewise, the modification of the Tlsvv temperature dependence curve's shape tends to confirm the existence of important conformational changes in the macromolecular assemblies, which markedly affect the properties of structured water, especially in the earliest stage of cancer development.

Defective mitochondrial ATP synthesis in oxyphilic thyroid tumors.

Oxyphilic tumors (oncocytomas or Hürthle cell tumors) form a rare subgroup of thyroid tumors characterized by cells containing abundant mitochondria. The relationship between the mitochondrial proliferation and the pathogenesis of these tumors is unknown. We have assessed the expression of the mitochondrial ND2 and ND5 (subunits of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase complex) genes and the nuclear UCP2 (uncoupling protein 2) gene in 22 oxyphilic thyroid tumors and matched controls. The consumption of oxygen in mitochondria from tumors was determined by polarography. ATP assays were used to explore the mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and the oxidative phosphorylation coupling in seven fresh thyroid tumors and controls. Adenosine triphosphate synthesis was significantly lower in all the tumors, compared with controls, suggesting that a coupling defect in oxidative phosphorylation may be a cause of mitochondrial hyperplasia in oxyphilic thyroid tumors.

Mitochondrial activity in XTC.UC1 cells derived from thyroid oncocytoma.

Thyroid oncocytoma is characterized by the presence of oncocytes containing abnormally large numbers of mitochondria. However, the relationship between the abundance of mitochondria and the pathogenesis of the tumors is unknown. Recently, a new cell line, named XTC.UC1, has been derived from a metastasis of thyroid oncocytoma. We have studied the metabolism and the gene expression profile of the mitochondria in XTC.UC1 cells, using B-CPAP cells as controls. There were no signs of mitochondrial respiratory chain defects or uncoupling between the respiratory chain and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. In XTC.UC1 cells, mtDNA transcripts were increased more than fivefold than in controls, in parallel with a 3.6-fold increase in mtDNA content. Finally, in spite of the glycolytic metabolism induced by the culture medium, the mitochondria of XTC.UC1 cells possess the phenotype of oncocytic cells with hypertrophic mitochondria, higher respiratory enzyme activity and higher mtDNA content than in controls. XTC.UC1 cells may therefore offer a useful model for investigating the coordination of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, in the context of thyroid tumors.

Mitochondrial DNA content affects the fertilizability of human oocytes.

Mitochondrial DNA content varies considerably in oocytes, even when collected from the same patient. In the present study, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of 113 unfertilized oocytes obtained from 43 patients revealed an average of 193,000 (range: 20,000 to 598,000) mitochondrial genomes per cell. We compared several groups of oocytes to investigate the relationship between mitochondrial DNA content and fertilizability. The average mitochondrial DNA copy number was significantly lower in cohorts suffering from fertilization failure compared to cohorts with a normal rate of fertilization. In addition, the mitochondrial copy number of oocytes from patients with fertilization failure due to unknown causes was significantly lower than that of oocytes from patients in which IVF failure was due mainly to a severe sperm defect. The lower mtDNA copy number could be due to defective cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes. We conclude that low mitochondrial DNA content, due to inadequate mitochondrial biogenesis or cytoplasmic maturation, may adversely affect oocyte fertilizability.

A conserved N-terminal sequence targets human DAP3 to mitochondria.

Human DAP3 (death-associated protein-3) has been identified as an essential positive mediator of programmed cell death. Structure-function studies have shown previously the N-terminal extremity of the protein to be required in apoptosis induction. Analysis of human DAP3 gene structure predicted 13 exons and subsequent targeting prediction by two software packages (MITOPROT and TargetP) gave a high probability for mitochondrial targeting. The predicted N-terminal targeting structure was also found in the mouse, Drosophila, and C. elegans orthologues with a strong sequence homology between mouse and human. Secondary structure analyses identified alpha-helical structures typical of mitochondrial target peptides. To confirm experimentally this targeting we constructed a fusion protein with N-terminal human DAP3 upstream of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Confocal analysis of transfected human fibroblasts clearly demonstrated EGFP localization exclusive to mitochondria. The positioning of this key apoptotic factor at the heart of the mitochondrial pathway provides exciting insight into its role in programmed cell death.

No evidence of thyrotropin receptor and G(s alpha) gene mutation in high iodine uptake thyroid carcinoma.

Usually, thyroid carcinoma presents as a cold nodule on radioiodine scintigraphy. High-uptake nodules on iodine thyroid scans are associated with an exceedingly low incidence of malignancy. Only 29 cases of carcinomas appearing as hot or warm nodules have as yet been reported. From 1993 to 1999, we have observed eight similar cases (4 hot and 4 warm thyroid nodules) suggesting that thyroid carcinomas may not be as rare as usually considered in these circumstances. Four tumors were available for molecular analysis on paraffin-embedded sections. Because no mutations were found in the whole coding portions of thyrotropin-receptor (TSH-R) gene and fragments encompassing the mutational hot spots of the G(s alpha) gene, it is unlikely that activating mutations of the TSH-R or G(s alpha) genes were involved in these carcinomas.