[Methodology of assessing and evaluating public health risk in legal regulation of sanitary epidemiologic well-being of population].

The authors describe method to assess and manage risk for public health in system of legal regulation of sanitary epidemiologic well-being of population. Scheme of assessment and management of occupational risks is presented.

[METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE ASSURANCE OF SANITARY-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL WELFARE ON THE BASE OF THE METHODOLOGY OF POPULATION'S HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT].

In the article there is considered the practice of the application of the current legislative regulatory and procedural base for the occupational health and labor medicine (hygiene) issues. There are discussed issues of the assessment of occupational risks in enterprises of the Sverdlovsk region. There are proposed approaches to the creating the occupational risk management and assessment systems.

[THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF ORGANS OF FEDERAL SERVICE FOR SUPERVISION OF CONSUMER RIGHTS PROTECTION AND HUMAN WELFARE IN THE SVERDLOVSK REGION].

In the Sverdlovsk region there have developed and implemented methodological approaches to the optimization oj the activity of the Directorate and the Centre directed to the improvement of the sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and in the sphere of the protection of the rights of consumers in the framework of the development of an comprehensive regional system of risk management for the population's health in the Sverdlovsk region.

[Biologic monitoring as a stage in medical and prophylactic measures system managing chemical risks for public health in Sverdlovsk region].

Biomonitoring is one among key elements of medical prophylactic measures within public health risk management system created in Sverdlovsk region, for residents of territories with chemically polluted environment. Biologic monitoring enables to determine levels of chemical load, to form risk groups among children and pregnant women for rehabilitation and health-imporving measures, and to evaluate efficiency of these measures.

[The socio-hygienic monitoring as an integral system for health risk assessment and risk management at the regional level].

The information and analytical framework for the introduction of health risk assessment and risk management methodologies in the Sverdlovsk Region is the system of socio-hygienic monitoring. Techniques of risk management that take into account the choice of most cost-effective and efficient actions for improvement of the sanitary and epidemiologic situation at the level of the region, municipality, or a business entity of the Russian Federation, have been developed and proposed. To assess the efficiency of planning and activities for health risk management common method approaches and economic methods of "cost-effectiveness" and "cost-benefit" analyses provided in method recommendations and introduced in the Russian Federation are applied.

[Assessment of the impact of socio-economic factors on the health state of the population of the Sverdlovsk region in the system of social-hygienic monitoring].

There was investigated the impact of socioeconomic factors on medical and demographic processes in working age population. For the assessment of the impact of living conditions and environmental factors on mortality rate in a population of the Sverdlovsk region factor-typological, correlation and regression analyzes were applied There was shown an availability of statistically significant correlation relationships between mortality of the population of working age and socio-economic characteristics (degree of home improvement, quality of medical care, the level of social tension, the level of the demographic load), as well as between their increments with taking into account the time shifts. The effect of the value of the purchasing power on the mortality rate of the working population has been established The purchasing power was shown to be connected with a mortality rate of working population from external causes more stronger than death from all causes.

[Sanitary-epidemiological situation in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma in 2006].

Information on medical and demographic as well as sanitary-epidemiologic situation in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma is presented. The town belongs to group of territories with unfavourable ecologic situation. It was shown that social, economical, and sanitary-hygienic factors influence on public health. Priority pollutants of environment and indicators of public health are presented. For solving problems of protection of public health, ensuring the sanitary-epidemiologic welfare and ecologic safety in modern conditions, more effective, accessible, and economical mechanisms of management of environment and public health should be introduced with respect to action of factors of economical and social development of municipality as well as to realization of national projects.

[The umbilical blood levels of lead and some other toxic metals as a biomarker of environment-induced exposure].

Groups of pregnant women, which made up in Revda, Pervouralsk, Krasnouralsk, and Verkh-Isetsky District of Yekaterinburg, were studied. Tests of umbilical blood samples (UB) for the levels of calcium, iron, chromium, manganese, zinc, nickel, cadmium, lead, arsenic, copper, and mercury have established that the mean concentration of lead and the proportion of samples with elevated UB lead concentrations depend on how close the residential area is located to the major industrial source of emission of this toxic metal into ambient air. This correlation is less marked for other metals or it is not found. The particular position of lead is likely to be explained by the fact that it is entirely foreign to an organism and by the comparative unimportance of a contribution of the sources of exposure to this metal, which are unassociated with man-caused environmental and food pollution. As far as other metals are concerned, the situation is complicated by the fact that they are not only toxic, but when upon minor exposures, also essential biotrace elements with controlled and interdependent toxic kinetics. It is also shown that when a pregnant woman takes a complex of biological protectors promoting a reduction in her body's levels of lead, its concentrations in her body, its UB concentration is much lower than such a bioprophylactic effect is absent.

[A role of the sociohygienic monitoring system in the maintenance and promotion of the population's health (in case of the Sverdlovsk Region)].

The paper summarizes the results of implementation of the sociohygienic monitoring system in the Sverdlovsk Region, the stages of the populational and individual diagnosis, by using a risk-assessing methodology and current environmental and epidemiological studies. Sociohygienic monitoring allowed the priorities to be determined in health maintenance and promotion in the population of this region. The accumulated experience illustrated by some examples that have been earlier published in detail supports the need for a relationship of the above guidelines within the sociohygienic monitoring system, for the development of mechanisms responsible for risk management and further improvement of surveillance of the sanitary and epidemiological situation.

[Biologic prophylaxis of intoxications with inorganic compounds]. / Biologicheskaia profelaktika intoksikatsii neorganicheskimi veshchestvami.

The authors summarize theoretical principles of increasing human resistence to toxic effects of inorganic compounds polluting occupational environment and habitat, exemplify practical use of this prophylactic trend.

[Hygienic regulation of environmental air pollution with consideration of epidemiological data]. / O gigienicheskoi reglamentatsii zagriazneniia atmosfernogo vozduha s uchetom épidemiologicheskikh dannykh.

The authors hold that the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) established in Russia for some ambient air pollutants can adversely affect human health and that they are worthy of reconsideration. This opinion is based on the published results of epidemiological studies of Western investigators and on the authors' own data obtained from the analysis by the time series method for a relationship of daily variations of dust or gaseous ambient air pollution to the so-called acute mortality or for that of the variations to respiratory symptoms and to the values of the maximum expiratory flow rate in preschool with or without respiratory abnormalities in their history; from the cross analysis of an association of the characteristics of atmospheric contamination in 13 urban areas with the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases in junior schoolchildren, which was established by a special questionnaire. Particular emphasis should be laid on the reconsideration of not only established values, but mainly on the principles in laying down MAC for dust particles. The Western practice in measuring and evaluating risks separately for fractions of particles of varying sizes should be assessed for its use in Russian conditions; however, the authors' experience argues for this practice.

[Ecologo-epidemiologic studies in the social-hygiene monitoring system (experience in the Sverdlovsk region)]. / Ekologo-épidemiologicheskie issledovaniia v sisteme sotsial'no-gigienicheskogo monitoringa (opyt Sverdlovskoi oblasti).

Surveys made in the Sverdlovsk Region suggest that a procedure for evaluating a risk in combination with ecological and epidemiological surveys greatly enhances the potentialities of predicting and detecting human environment-related diseases and both approaches deserve a wide introduction into the socio-sanitary monitoring system.

[Use of biologically active substances in preventing the toxic action of some heavy metals]. / Ispol'zovanie biologicheski aktivnykh veshchestv v proilaktike toksicheskogo deistviiia nekotorykh tiazhelykh metallov.

The paper presents experimental and theoretical rationales for some methods and means of biological prevention of the toxic effects of a number of heavy metals (lead, chromium, arsenic, cadmium) that pollute the environment. Subchronic experiments were made on laboratory animals exposed to the above substances in combination with various biological agents (sodium glutaminate, the adaptogen saparal, pectin-containing enterosorbent, calcium, the multivitamin-multimineral preparation Pikovit, etc.). They have indicated that the complex use of preparations is more beneficial than they are used alone. The results of controlled trials of biologically preventive preparations on children residing in an area exposed to industrial pollution are presented.

[Impact of short-term increase in air pollution on mortality of the population]. / Vliianie kratkovremennykh povyshenii zagriazneniia atmosfernogo vozdukha na smertnost' naseleniia.

The authors analyzed whether there is an association of mortality with ambient air pollution analyzed in Yekaterinburg and Nizhni Tagil in 1994 to 1997. There was a positive correlation between general mortality and CO or SO2 concentrations, between cardiovascular mortality and dust, NH3 or phenol, between mortality and CO or NH3. An increase of deaths as percents per 10 micrograms/m3 dust was calculated.

[Evaluation of hazards caused by effects of lead on preschool children living near a copper-smelting plant]. / Otsenka opasnosti vozdeistviia svintsa na detei doskkol'nogo vozrasta, prozhivaiushchikh v raione razmeshcheniia medeplavil'nogo kombinata.

The studies conducted in Krasnouralsk (Sverdlovsk region) proved that environmental pollution with lead in the area subjected to releases by copper-melting enterprise creates significant risk of lead accumulation in preschoolers especially prone to unfavorable factors. Considering various environmental lead sources, biokinetic analog formation reliably forecasts serum lead levels. Soil polluted with lead, as the analog considers, is the most important environmental lead source. The authors suggest a system of prophylactic measures based on analysis of children's health risk caused by environmental pollution with lead.