ABSTRACT
The increasing trend of large carnivore attacks on humans not only raises human safety concerns but may also undermine large carnivore conservation efforts. Although rare, attacks by brown bears Ursus arctos are also on the rise and, although several studies have addressed this issue at local scales, information is lacking on a worldwide scale. Here, we investigated brown bear attacks (n = 664) on humans between 2000 and 2015 across most of the range inhabited by the species: North America (n = 183), Europe (n = 291), and East (n = 190). When the attacks occurred, half of the people were engaged in leisure activities and the main scenario was an encounter with a female with cubs. Attacks have increased significantly over time and were more frequent at high bear and low human population densities. There was no significant difference in the number of attacks between continents or between countries with different hunting practices. Understanding global patterns of bear attacks can help reduce dangerous encounters and, consequently, is crucial for informing wildlife managers and the public about appropriate measures to reduce this kind of conflicts in bear country.
Subject(s)
Animals, Wild/physiology , Conservation of Natural Resources , Ursidae/physiology , Animals , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
The comparative analysis of different protocols of infusion therapy of the hemorrhagic shock stage III was performed. The infusion of the colloid solution of hydroxiethylstarch 200/0.5 and non-balanced crystalloid 0.9% solution of natrium chloride leads to the development of negative changes in homeostasis. Whereas infusion of the 4% solution of the modified gelatin and balanced crystalloid solition (sterofundin) allows to avoid the registered changes in electrolyte and alkaline balance.
Subject(s)
Gelatin , Homeostasis/drug effects , Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives , Isotonic Solutions , Shock, Hemorrhagic , Sodium Chloride , Adult , Blood Volume/drug effects , Crystalloid Solutions , Emergency Medical Services/methods , Female , Fluid Therapy/methods , Fluid Therapy/standards , Gelatin/administration & dosage , Gelatin/adverse effects , Hemorrhage/complications , Hemorrhage/drug therapy , Hemorrhage/metabolism , Hemorrhage/physiopathology , Humans , Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives/administration & dosage , Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives/adverse effects , Hypovolemia/drug therapy , Hypovolemia/etiology , Hypovolemia/physiopathology , Infusions, Intravenous , Isotonic Solutions/administration & dosage , Isotonic Solutions/adverse effects , Male , Plasma Substitutes/administration & dosage , Plasma Substitutes/adverse effects , Severity of Illness Index , Shock, Hemorrhagic/drug therapy , Shock, Hemorrhagic/etiology , Shock, Hemorrhagic/metabolism , Shock, Hemorrhagic/physiopathology , Sodium Chloride/administration & dosage , Sodium Chloride/adverse effects , Treatment Outcome , Water-Electrolyte Imbalance/drug therapy , Water-Electrolyte Imbalance/etiology , Water-Electrolyte Imbalance/metabolism , Water-Electrolyte Imbalance/physiopathologyABSTRACT
The authors made an analysis of the application of a plasma jet with the help of an apparatus of original construction used for treatment of wounds of the liver in 36 patients. This apparatus has a number of advantages as compared with others. The plasma jet gives a reliable homostasis and minimum heat injuries to the liver tissues.
Subject(s)
Hemorrhage/surgery , Hemostasis, Surgical , Liver Diseases/surgery , Liver/surgery , Adult , Equipment Design , Female , Hemostasis, Surgical/adverse effects , Hemostasis, Surgical/instrumentation , Hot Temperature/adverse effects , Hot Temperature/therapeutic use , Humans , Liver/injuries , Male , Middle Aged , Noble Gases , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The proteinases, nontrypsinlike proteinases (NTLP), alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha-2-MG) activities were researched in serum, tissues of hypothalamus, cerebral cortices, lung, heart, liver, kidneys in old rats with hypertension caused by electricity current at introduction of cord and mature blood preparations. The increase of proteinase and NTLP activities were revealed on the background of alpha-2-MG level reduction. The changes caused by stimulated hypertension, can be corrected by introduction of blood preparations and the effect of cord blood is more manifested.
Subject(s)
Endopeptidases/metabolism , Fetal Blood , Hypertension/metabolism , Protease Inhibitors/metabolism , Animals , Hypertension/enzymology , RatsABSTRACT
The article describes an express-method of determining intraabdominal bleeding with the help of a benzidine test based on the ability of the hemine group of hemoglobin to catalyze the reaction of benzidine oxidation with hydrogen peroxide.
Subject(s)
Abdominal Injuries/diagnosis , Benzidines , Hemorrhage/diagnosis , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/diagnosis , Humans , Hydrogen Peroxide , Indicators and Reagents , Oxidation-Reduction , Punctures , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Radiation exposure of critical organs and tissues to external x-ray radiation and internal irradiation from a RP was estimated on the basis of analysis of dosimetric investigations during electron x-ray scanning in 645 cancer patients. Radiation exposure of critical organs and tissues during electron x-ray scanning was shown to depend on the properties of PRs and on the location of a beam of x-ray radiation with relation to an organ. During the use of electron x-ray scanning equivalent doses exceeded doses of short-lived PRs (113mIn, 99mTc) and, on the contrary, at administration of such RPs as 75Se, 67Ga, 85Sr these doses were much lower.
Subject(s)
Electrons , Radioisotopes/adverse effects , Electrons/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Male , Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Radiation Dosage , Radiometry/instrumentation , Radionuclide Imaging , Scintillation Counting/instrumentationABSTRACT
The materials of observation over 231 patients with highly differentiated thyroid cancer were used to define indications for 131I-therapy, to specify course and summary doses taking into account side-effects of 131I. 131I-therapy is an effective method in multimodality therapy of highly differentiated thyroid cancer.
Subject(s)
Iodine Radioisotopes/therapeutic use , Thyroid Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Adenocarcinoma/radiotherapy , Adenocarcinoma/surgery , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Carcinoma, Papillary/radiotherapy , Carcinoma, Papillary/surgery , Child , Combined Modality Therapy , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery , ThyroidectomyABSTRACT
A method of electrophotographic microfilming was proposed for keeping radiograms and electroradiograms in archives. Some experimental studies on microfilming positive and negative electroradiograms of phantom materials and various body tissues were carried out using the Soviet AE-1524 camera. An attempt was made to set up a scientific archive of electroradiograms and radiograms on electrographic microreels. Obvious advantages of the method of electrographic microfilming in setting up compact and convenient archives of X-ray images were shown.
Subject(s)
Hospital Information Systems/instrumentation , Microfilming/methods , Radiology Information Systems/instrumentation , Xeroradiography , Humans , Microfilming/instrumentationABSTRACT
The results of examination of 79 patients of whom 25 were thyroid cancer patients, showed that electroroentgenothyrolymphoscans made it possible to judge with a sufficient degree of significance of the size, site and function of the intrathyroid lymph nodes of which some were "hidden" because of their small size on routine scans. This method can be successfully used for differential diagnosis of different thyroid diseases including tumors alongside with other morphological methods.
