ABSTRACT
Globally terminal drought is one of the major constraints to chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production. Early flowering genotypes escape terminal drought, and the increase in seed size compensates for yield losses arising from terminal drought. A MutMap population for early flowering and large seed size was developed by crossing the mutant line ICC4958-M3-2828 with wild-type ICC 4958. Based on the phenotyping of MutMap population, extreme bulks for days to flowering and 100-seed weight were sequenced using Hi-Seq2500 at 10X coverage. On aligning 47.41 million filtered reads to the CDC Frontier reference genome, 31.41 million reads were mapped and 332,395 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were called. A reference genome assembly for ICC 4958 was developed replacing these SNPs in particular positions of the CDC Frontier genome. SNPs specific for each mutant bulk ranged from 3,993 to 5,771. We report a single unique genomic region on Ca6 (between 9.76 and 12.96 Mb) harboring 31, 22, 17, and 32 SNPs with a peak of SNP index = 1 for low bulk for flowering time, high bulk for flowering time, high bulk for 100-seed weight, and low bulk for 100-seed weight, respectively. Among these, 22 SNPs are present in 20 candidate genes and had a moderate allelic impact on the genes. Two markers, Ca6EF10509893 for early flowering and Ca6HSDW10099486 for 100-seed weight, were developed and validated using the candidate SNPs. Thus, the associated genes, candidate SNPs, and markers developed in this study are useful for breeding chickpea varieties that mitigate yield losses under drought stress.
ABSTRACT
Plasmacytoma is a discrete, unifocal, monoclonal neoplastic proliferation of the plasma cells. It may present as one of the three distinct clinical entities: multiple myeloma (MM), solitary plasmacytoma of bone and extramedullary plasmacytoma. Solitary bone plasmacytoma accounts for 3% of all plasma cell neoplasms with approximately 50% of the cases transforming into MM. It is frequently seen in vertebrae and secondarily in long bones. Its presence in jaws is extremely rare and when it is seen, retromolar area, angle and ramus of the mandible are most common sites of occurrence. A comprehensive clinical, radiological, histological and immunohistochemical features of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible in a 46-year-old female patient is reported.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sialic acid (SA) N-acetyl neuraminic acid is a negatively charged 9-carbon monosaccharide, commonly attached to the nonreducing residues of carbohydrate chains of glycoconjugates by glycosidic linkage. SA is widely distributed in glycoproteins (GPs) of cell membrane. The alterations in GPs start at an early stage of tumorigenesis. Hence, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the levels of serum SA in normal individuals, in patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and compare the levels with respect to the clinical staging and histological grading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 90 individuals were selected for the purpose of the study. Thirty cases of clinically diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed cases of OSMF and OSCC each were included. A control group of 30 age and gender-matched individuals with no systemic diseases were selected. Serum levels of SA were measured based on the reaction between SA and ninhydrin. The absorbance was read using a spectrophotometer. RESULTS: Serum SA levels were significantly increased in OSMF, OSCC patients as compared with controls. When multiple comparison was done using post hoc Tukey test, there is a statistically significant difference between clinical staging and histopathological grading of OSMF and OSCC (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The serum SA levels in OSMF and OSCC patients were increased as compared with controls suggesting that, it can be used as a reliable biomarker for prognostic evaluation, and also give a clue about the amount of tumor burden in the individual.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: In routine tissue processing, formalin has been proved as efficient as fixative since inception and hazards associated with it are of major safety and health concern. AIM: The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of natural fixatives such as jaggery and Khandsari over formalin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety normal tissue specimen collected during minor oral surgical procedures were included in this study. Thirty specimen each were fixed in 30% jaggery (Group-A), 30% Khandsari (Group-B) and 10% formalin (Group-C). The slides obtained after tissue processing were analyzed for the quality of fixation. The tissue sections were assessed for cellular outline, cytoplasmic details, nuclear details, staining quality and overall morphology. Each criterion was rated on a scale of 1-4. (one for poor and four for excellent). The study was double-blinded and subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Chi-square test. RESULTS: The cellular outline is excellent in 90% (Group-C) followed by 36.67% (Group-B) of specimens. With respect to cytoplasmic staining 83.33% (Group-C) of tissues showed excellent results followed by 60% (Group-B), 33.33% (Group-A). Nuclear details are excellent in 86.67% (Group-C) followed by 83.33% (Group-B), 36.67% (Group-A) of specimens. With respect to staining quality 93.33% (Group-C) followed by 50% (Group-B), 26.67% (Group-A). Overall morphology is excellent in 90% (Group-C) followed by 46.67% (Group-B). CONCLUSION: In the present study, Khandsari was on par with formalin and our effort of using Khandsari and jaggery for tissue fixation in human oral tissues yielded good results.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Age estimation is one of the essential factors in establishing the identity of an individual. Among various methods, exfoliative cytology (EC) is a unique, noninvasive technique, involving simple, and pain-free collection of intact cells from the oral cavity for microscopic examination. OBJECTIVE: The study was undertaken with an aim to estimate the age of an individual from the average cell size of their buccal smears calculated using image analysis morphometric software and the pulp-tooth area ratio in mandibular canine of the same individual using radiovisiography (RVG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Buccal smears were collected from 100 apparently healthy individuals. After fixation in 95% alcohol, the smears were stained using Papanicolaou stain. The average cell size was measured using image analysis software (Image-Pro Insight 8.0). The RVG images of mandibular canines were obtained, pulp and tooth areas were traced using AutoCAD 2010 software, and area ratio was calculated. The estimated age was then calculated using regression analysis. RESULTS: The paired t-test between chronological age and estimated age by cell size and pulp-tooth area ratio was statistically nonsignificant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In the present study, age estimated by pulp-tooth area ratio and EC yielded good results.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Sex determination is a vital step in reconstructing an individual profile from unidentified skeletal remnants. Variations in tooth size are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Tooth size variations have been reported among different populations. AIM: To identify the sex by determining the mesiodistal (MD) dimensions of maxillary canines. OBJECTIVES: (1) To compare the MD diameter of all maxillary canines - (a) in the entire urban and tribal population, (b) in urban male and urban female populations, (c) in tribal male and tribal female populations, and (d) in the entire male and female populations and (2) To estimate the percentage of sexual dimorphism individually in urban and tribal populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty subjects each from urban and tribal populations in equal gender ratio were selected in Khammam district, Telangana, for the purpose of this study. After obtaining informed consent, maxillary study models of the selected subjects were made. MD diameters of left and right maxillary canines were measured on casts using vernier calipers. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: (1) The total tribal population showed a greater MD diameter of maxillary canines than the total urban population, (2) Urban males showed a greater MD diameter of maxillary canines than urban females, (3) Tribal males showed a greater MD diameter of maxillary canines than tribal females, (4) The entire male population showed a greater MD diameter of maxillary canines than the entire female population, and (5) The percentage of dimorphism between males and females in individual groups was found to be significant. CONCLUSION: The study showed maxillary canines exhibiting significant sexual dimorphism and can be used as a distinguishing trait for sex determination along with other procedures.
