ABSTRACT
Background Diarrhea is a major public health problem in under-five children worldwide. Various sociodemographic, environmental, and behavioral factors play a role in the occurrence of diarrheal disease in children under the age of five. This study aims to estimate the cumulative incidence of acute diarrheal diseases during a one-year study period and examine its association with the built environment factors among children under the age of five in selected underprivileged areas of Bhopal. Methodology We conducted this study in Bhopal, a city in central India. We surveyed the underprivileged dwellers of Vajpayee Nagar, Sanjay Nagar, and Mother India Colony of Bhopal city. This is a prospective cohort study with a one-year follow-up period to examine the cumulative incidence of acute diarrheal diseases among under-five-year-old children in the study area. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results Data were collected from February 2021 to February 2022. A total of 658 families of eligible children were contacted to participate in the study. After excluding 38 participants for various reasons (denied consent: 3; lost to follow-up: 32; moved out of the study area: 3), data were finally analyzed for 620 participants. In the study among the under-five-year-old children, the cumulative incidence of acute diarrheal diseases was 23.8% (148 out of 620). In our study, lower age (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75-0.99, p = 0.041) and non-availability of flush latrine in the house (adjusted OR = 4.95, 95% CI = 1.80-13.59, p = 0.002) were statistically associated with a higher incidence of acute diarrheal disease among the study population. Conclusions In our investigation, we observed a cumulative incidence of diarrhea at 23.8% (148 out of 620) among the underprivileged under-five population residing in Bhopal, India. This incidence exhibited significant associations with younger age and the absence of in-house flush latrines.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in the developing world. Depression affects medicine adherence in TB patients. There is a scarcity of data regarding the prevalence of depression among TB patients from any city in central India. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the prevalence of depression and associated factors in TB patients in the Vidisha district of Madhya Pradesh, India. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 106 TB patients visiting the TB and chest outpatient department of Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Medical College (ABVGMC). It is a tertiary health care facility located in the district of Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh, India. Data collection was done from September 2020 to January 2021. Depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). We used a semi-structured questionnaire to collect data regarding relevant demographic and behavioral factors. Analyses were done in IBM SPSS software, version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). RESULTS: The prevalence of depression among TB patients was 55.7% (n = 59). Depression in the mild category was most common (n = 44, 41.5%), followed by moderate (n = 10, 9.4%), and the moderately severe (n = 5, 4.7%) category. Depression prevalence was found to be slightly more common in females (58.5% vs. 52.8% in males), married participants (58.2% vs. 51.3% in unmarried), educated more than high school (56.8% vs. 54.8% in less than high school), socioeconomically Above Poverty Line (APL) (60.5% vs. 52.4% in Below Poverty Line (BPL)), living in urban areas (60.9% vs. 47.6% in rural areas), and in the continuation phase of anti-TB treatment (58.6% vs. 52.1% in intensive phase), but differences were statistically non-significant. Depression was significantly associated with the medicine non-adherence group (vs. the medicine adherence group; p-value: 0.022) and the previously treated TB patient category (vs. the new case group; p-value: 0.031). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of depression among TB patients was very high (55.7%). The prevalence of depression was significantly higher in the medicine non-adherent group (p-value: 0.022) and the previously treated TB patient group (p-value: 0.031). In this study, we have not found any significant association between the prevalence of depression among TB patients and sex, marital status, education attainment, poverty status, or living in an urban or rural areas.
