ABSTRACT
Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) phases control the immobilization of many metal cations in cementitious materials. In this study Nd binding to amorphous C-S-H phases with different Ca/Si (C/S) mol ratios (0.56, 0.87 and 1.54) and Nd loadings (7 and 35mumol/g), and which had been aged up to 270 days, has been investigated using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The structural parameters derived from EXAFS were compared with those predicted from bond-valence calculations. The study reveals that Nd may form several species in contact with C-S-H phases. The EXAFS parameters determined in samples after one day of reaction indicate the formation of inner-sphere surface complexes. The Nd-Ca and Nd-Si bond-distances tend to increase with time at both Nd loadings. Changes in the coordination numbers N(Si) and N(Ca) were found to be dependent on the (C/S) ratio. At the lowest C/S ratio the number of neighboring Si atoms tends to increase with time while the number of neighboring Ca atoms tends to increase with time at highest C/S ratio. No clear trend was observed for the medium C/S ratio. Nd incorporation into the structures of C-S-H phases is assumed to be the dominant immobilization process based on comparison with bond-distances predicted from structural considerations. After prolonged reaction times (45 days) Nd is expected to be predominantly incorporated into the Ca sheets of the C-S-H structure while small portions of Nd might also be taken up by the interlayer. The study suggests that, in the long term, amorphous C-S-H phases are capable of taking up Nd via exchange processes with Ca(2+) in the Ca sheets and the interlayer.
