Bacillus notoginsengisoli sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from the rhizosphere of Panax notoginseng.

A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, motile bacterium designated as SYP-B691T was isolated from rhizospheric soil of Panax notoginseng. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that SYP-B691T clearly represented a member of the genus Bacillus and showed 16S rRNA gene similarity lower than 97.0 % with the type strains of species of the genus Bacillus, which indicates that it should be considered as a candidate novel species within this genus. The optimum growth of the strain was found to occur at 37 °C and pH 7.0-9.0. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 45.2 mol%. It contained meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unknown phospholipid. MK-7 was the only menaquinone identified. The major cellular fatty acids of SYP-B691T were identified as iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, SYP-B691T merits recognition as a representative of a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus notoginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed, with SYP-B691T(=DSM 29196T=JCM 30743T) as the type strain.

Sunlight mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles by a novel actinobacterium (Sinomonas mesophila MPKL 26) and its antimicrobial activity against multi drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using microorganism are many, but there are only scanty reports using actinobacteria. In the present study, the actinobacterium of the genus Sinomonas was reported to synthesis silver nanoparticles for the first time. A photo-irradiation based method was developed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, which includes two day old cultural supernatant of novel species Sinomonas mesophila MPKL 26 and silver nitrate solution, exposed to sunlight. The preliminary synthesis of silver nanoparticles was noted by the color change of the solution from colorless to brown; the synthesis was further confirmed using UV-visible spectroscopy which shows a peak between 400 and 450nm. Spherical shape silver nanoparticles of size range 4-50nm were synthesized, which were characterized using transmission electron microscopy. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy result indicates that, the metabolite produced by the novel species S. mesophila MPKL 26 was the probable reducing/capping agent involved in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles maintained consistent shape with respect to different time periods. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were evaluated for the antimicrobial activity against multi drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus which show good antimicrobial activity. The method developed for synthesis is easy, requires less time (20min) and produces spherical shape nanoparticles of size as small as 4nm, having good antimicrobial activity. Hence, our study enlarges the scope of actinobacteria for the rapid biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and can be used in formulating remedies for multi drug resistant S. aureus.

Nocardioides ginkgobilobae sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from the root of the living fossil Ginkgo biloba L.

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic and yellow actinobacterial strain, designated SYP-A7303T, was isolated from the root of Ginkgo biloba L. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SYP-A7303T belongs to the genus Nocardioides. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SYP-A7303T showed highest similarity to Nocardioides marinus CL-DD14T ( = JCM 15615T) (98.3 %) and Nocardioides aquiterrae GW-9T ( = JCM 11813T) (97.1 %), and less than 96.9 % to the type strains of other species of the genus Nocardioides. Strain SYP-A7303T grew optimally at 28 °C, pH 7.0 and in the absence of NaCl. It contained ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, with mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucose and galactose as whole-cell sugars. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and an unknown lipid. The menaquinone was MK-8(H4) and the predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c and C17 : 1ω8c. The DNA G+C content was 72 mol%. Mean DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain SYP-A7303T and the closely related strains N. marinus JCM 15615T and N. aquiterrae JCM 11813T were 62.5 ± 2.4 and 56.5 ± 3.5 %, respectively. Based on the morphological, physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics presented in this study, strain SYP-A7303T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides ginkgobilobae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYP-A7303T ( = DSM 100492T = KCTC 39594T).

Luteimonas notoginsengisoli sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere.

A Gram-staining-negative, yellow-pigmented strain, designated SYP-B804T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of Panax notoginseng. The strain was rod-shaped with a single polar flagellum. The optimum temperature and pH required for growth of the strain were 28-32 °C and pH 7-8, respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain SYP-B804T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Luteimonas mephitis DSM 12574T (98.0 %). However, the DNA-DNA relatedness value between them (38.1 ± 0.6 %) was less than the threshold value for the delineation of genomic species. Ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) was the predominant quinone. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c. The major polar lipids of the strain were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 71 %. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular characteristics, strain SYP-B804T merits recognition as a representative of a novel species of the genus Luteimonas, for which the name Luteimonas notoginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed, with SYP-B804T ( = KCTC 42211T = JCM 30329T) as the type strain.

Hymenobacter mucosus sp. nov., isolated from a karst cave soil sample.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped and watermelon-red-pigmented aerobic bacterial strain, designated YIM 77969T, was isolated from a soil sample of Jiuxiang cave, a tourism cave located in Yiliang county, Yunnan province, south-west China. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain YIM 77969T belongs to the genus Hymenobacter, and was closely related to Hymenobacter tibetensis XTM003T (96.58 %), Hymenobacter gelipurpurascens Txg1T (96.02 %) and Hymenobacter xinjiangensis X2-1gT (95.80 %). Growth of strain YIM 77969T occurred at 5-35 °C, at pH 5.0-9.0 and in the presence of 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω5c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The polar lipid profiles consisted of the major compound phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown aminolipids, three unknown aminophospholipids, one glycolipid and one unknown polar lipid. Pigment analysis showed that the pigment belonged to the plectaniaxanthin series of carotenoid pigments. The genomic DNA G+C content was 55.2 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain YIM 77969T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter mucosus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 77969T ( = KCTC 32567T = DSM 28041T).

Hymenobacter latericoloratus sp. nov. and Hymenobacter luteus sp. nov., isolated from freshwater sediment.

Two novel Gram-stain negative, non-motile, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterial strains, designated YIM 77920(T) and YIM 77921(T), were isolated from freshwater sediment of Jiuxiang cave, a tourism cave located in Yiliang county, Yunnan province, south-west China. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains YIM 77920(T) and YIM 77921(T) exhibited sequence similarities of 96.59 and 96.66 % to Hymenobacter xinjiangensis X2-Y(T), respectively, and indicated that the two isolates belong to the genus Hymenobacter. The major fatty acids present in the two strains were identified as C16:1 ω5c, iso-C15:0 and Summed Feature 4 (C17:1 anteiso B/iso I). MK-7 was identified as the respiratory quinone component for both strains. The polar lipids profile of strain YIM 77920(T) was found to consist of phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified polar lipids, three unidentified aminophospholipids, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified aminolipids, while that of strain YIM 77921(T) consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified polar lipids, two unidentified aminolipids, one unidentified phospholipid and four unidentified aminophospholipids. The DNA G+C contents of strains YIM 77920(T) and YIM 77921(T) were determined to be 57.5 and 59.6 mol%, respectively. DNA-DNA hybridization between them had a low value (56.55 %). Based on the morphological and physiological properties, and phylogenetic analyses, strains YIM 77920(T) and YIM 77921(T) are considered to represent two novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the names Hymenobacter latericoloratus sp. nov. (type strain YIM 77920(T) = JCM 30327(T) = CCTCC AB 2012949(T)) and Hymenobacter luteus sp. nov. (type strain YIM 77921(T) = JCM 30328(T) = CCTCC AB 2012947(T)) are proposed.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the Streptomyces coelicolor klmp33 pigment: an antimicrobial agent against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli.

The increasing emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) occurred mainly due to continuous persistent exposure to antibiotics causing high morbidity and mortality so studies in controlling this infection are required. In the present investigation, we developed a synthesis for silver nanoparticles employing a pigment produced by Streptomyces coelicolor klmp33, and assessed the antimicrobial activity of these nanoparticles against ESBL producing E. coli. The ESBL producing E. coli were isolated from urine samples collected from the Gulbarga region in India. As can been seen from our studies, the silver nanoparticles having irregular shapes and size of 28-50 nm showed remarkable antimicrobial activity and moreover the synthesis time is just 20 min and thus the same can be used for formulating pharmaceutical remedies.

La(III) complex involving the O,N-donor environment of quinazoline-4(3H)-one Schiff's base and their antimicrobial attributes against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

The incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus increased during the past few decades, so there is an urgent need of new antimicrobial agents if public health is concerned. Though the Schiff's bases and La(III) complex have enormous biological activity, but less attention was given in their synthesis. In the present investigation, we synthesized a new (E)-3-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl) methyleneamino)-2-methylquinazoline-4(3H)-one HNMAMQ Schiff's base by the condensation of 3-(2-aminophenyl) quinazolin-2-methyl-4(3H)-one and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde. The Schiff's base HNMAMQ and its La(III) complex were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, NMR, mass spectra, and thermal studies. The newly synthesized Schiff's base HNMAMQ and its La(III) complex were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the Gulbarga region in India. The Schiff's base HNMAMQ and its La(III) complex showed good antimicrobial activity and thus represents a potential new drug of choice.

(E)3-2-(1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyldeneamino)phenyl)-2-methylquinazoline-4(3H)-one Schiff Base and Its Metal Complexes: A New Drug of Choice against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The 3-(2-aminophenyl) quinazolin-2-methyl-4(3H)-one and 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone undergo condensation to afford (E)3-2-(1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyldeneamino)phenyl)-2-methylquinazoline-4(3H)-one Schiff base (DHPEAPMQ). The newly synthesized Schiff base (DHPEAPMQ) and its metal complexes were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the Gulbarga region in India. The Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base (DHPEAPMQ) showed good antimicrobial activity. So, this could be a new drug of choice.

Spectral characterization and 3D molecular modeling studies of metal complexes involving the O, N-donor environment of quinazoline-4(3H)-one Schiff base and their biological studies.

A simple condensation of 3-amino-2-methylquinazoline-4-one with 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde produced new tridentate ONO donor Schiff base ligand with efficient yield. The structural characterization of ligand and its Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) complexes were achieved by the aid of elemental analysis, spectral characterization such as (UV-visible, IR, NMR, mass, and ESR), and magnetic data. The analytical and spectroscopic studies suggest the octahedral geometries of Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Mn(II) complexes and tetrahedral geometry of Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes with the tridentate ONO Schiff base ligand. Furthermore, the conclusions drawn from these studies afford further support to the mode of bonding discussed on the basis of their 3D molecular modeling studies by considering different bond lengths, bond angles, and bond distance. The ligand and its metal complexes evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC number 7443), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC number 9878), Escherichia coli (MTCC number 1698), Aspergillus niger (MTCC number 281), and Aspergillus flavus (MTCC number 277). The MIC of these compounds was found to be most active at 10 µ g/mL concentration in inhibiting the growth of the tested organisms. The DNA cleavage activity of all the complexes was studied by gel electrophoresis method.

Microwave Assisted Rapid and Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using a Pigment Produced by Streptomyces coelicolor klmp33.

Traditional synthesis of silver nanoparticles using chemical methods produces toxic substances. In contrast biological synthesis is regarded as a safe and nontoxic process but the major drawback of biological synthesis is, this process is slow. In the present investigation, we developed a rapid and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles employing a pigment produced by Streptomyces coelicolor klmp33 in just 90 s. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The biobased synthesis developed in this method is a safe, rapid, and appropriate way for bulky synthesis of silver nanoparticles.

γ Actinorhodin a natural and attorney source for synthetic dye to detect acid production of fungi.

Colors from natural sources are gaining popularity because synthetic colors are carcinogenic. Natural colors are obtained from plants or microorganisms. Pigments produced by microorganisms have advantages over plant pigments, due to their ease of use and reliability. In the present study, a blue pigment producing actinomycete klmp33 was isolated from the Gulbarga region in India. The isolate was identified based on morphologic, microscopic, and biochemical characterization, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates showed a close relationship with Streptomyces coelicolor. Pigment produced by the isolate was analyzed using UV-visible spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, Fourier transform infrared and liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis, and was identified as γ actinorhodin. γ-Actinorhodin is used as a pH indicator which deviates from acid to non-acid. Moreover, it subrogates synthetic dye.