Socioeconomic assessment of the relevance of a community-based goat breeding project in smallholding systems.

In the last decade, community-based animal breeding programs have gained attention for the genetic improvement of small ruminants in the tropics. Nevertheless, implementing such programs remains challenged by the issue of smallholders' participation. To shed light on this issue of participation, a goat genetic improvement project has been assessed for its socioeconomic relevance through participatory methods, taking account of goat multifunctionality. We quantified the gross margins per flock and per animal as indicators of viability. We assessed then the correspondence between the goat functions defined through a proportional piling tool with the relative share of these functions in the gross revenue. For that purpose, 160 smallholders were surveyed and 77 among them were monitored for one year. A cluster analysis of factors linked to the dynamic of goat farming identified three groups of farmers. The first group gathered farmers with the smallest goat flocks, who were goat oriented in the future. Their sustainable participation in goat breeding project was impeded by the excessive sales of goats. The second group involved farmers with the highest farm size, who planned to buy cattle to replace part of their goats. The third group included farmers who were members of the project with the largest goat flocks. This group emphasized the importance of goat for their future but showed weak abilities to manage large flocks. The gross margin per animal was the highest in the third group. The relative importance of goat functions as defined through participatory tools did not correspond to the relative share of these functions in the composition of the gross revenue from goats. Participatory tools and economic calculation then appear as complementary to understand farmers' priorities. Consolidating breeders' associations and supporting farmers to diversify their sources of income are two ways proposed here to ensure an enabling environment to goat husbandry and farmers' well-being.

Effect of genetic European taurine ancestry on milk yield of Ankole-Holstein crossbred dairy cattle in mixed smallholders system of Burundi highlands.

Different breeding systems associated with specific bovine genetic resources have coexisted in Burundi. To prepare for the development of a national action plan for the improvement of bovine genetic resources in Burundi, we aimed at performing genetic characterization of Ankole and Ankole × European crossbred individuals and assessing the effect of European ancestry on milk productivity of cows kept under the mixed crops livestock system. To that end, we genotyped 37 Ankole and 138 crossbred individuals on 42 636 SNPs and combined these genotypes with those from 21 cattle breeds, representative of the bovine genetic diversity. We also measured milk yield not suckled and estimated suckled milk. Given the results, we confirmed the indicine × African taurine admixed origin of the Ankole in Burundi and showed that crossbred individuals present a high proportion of European ancestry (i.e. 57% on average). As the proportion of European ancestry increased, milk yield increased by 0.03 ± 0.01 l/day, at a lower extent than expected. We also observed that breeders were unable to correctly evaluate the European proportion in their livestock. Our results may provide useful information for objective dairy breeding in Burundi. As an example, an ex-situ conservation program of Ankole within the framework of value chains is proposed as an accompanying strategy to improve the sustainability of the crossbreeding program.