THE EFFECT OF INCREASED ADHERENCE TO GLYCEMIC CONTROL ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH CONCOMITANT IMPAIRED GLUCOSE METABOLISM.

Aim of the study - to evaluate the impact of increased adherence to glycemic control on the improvement of quality of life and the course of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in patients with diabetes. The study includes 44 patients (26 males -59%, 18 females - 41%), diagnosed with IHD (functional class І-ІІІ of exertion angina) and accompanying type 2 DM. Depending on the glycaemia control method, the patients were divided in two groups. In group I (CGM, n=21) the glycaemia control was based on CGM, when in group II (self-blood glucose monitoring - SBGM, n=23) it was based on individual glucose level self-measurement, performed 4 times per day. Distribution of patients between groups I and II by gender, age, anthropometric characteristics, DM duration, functional heart and kidney condition, acute cardio-vascular events in anamnesis and harmful habits (smoking) is without significant differences. Besides glycaemia monitoring, the patients recorded their arterial pressure, pulse and duration of their physical exertions (minutes a day). During patients' elective visits (0-3 months) glycated hemoglobin was measured in both patient groups, and they filled in the life quality questionnaire. The use of CGM for monitoring glycaemia level in patients with IHD and type II DM during 3 months has been associated with statistically significant decrease of glycated hemoglobin level, increase of physical activity. Also CGM improved physical condition and life quality according to the physical health scores SF-36 (physical function, physical function role, physical pain, general health) and social function scores, with reliable increase in group I compared to group II. There are no differences in body weight decrease or improved carbohydrate metabolic data have been detected. Administration of the CGM in patients with IHD is associated with improved quality of life and higher satisfaction level, decreased fasting HbA1c and glucose, and also increasing level of physical exertion level.

Factors associated with the onset of major depressive disorder in adults with type 2 diabetes living in 12 different countries: results from the INTERPRET-DD prospective study.

AIMS: To examine the factors that are associated with changes in depression in people with type 2 diabetes living in 12 different countries. METHODS: People with type 2 diabetes treated in out-patient settings aged 18-65 years underwent a psychiatric assessment to diagnose major depressive disorder (MDD) at baseline and follow-up. At both time points, participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the WHO five-item Well-being scale (WHO-5) and the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale which measures diabetes-related distress. A composite stress score (CSS) (the occurrence of stressful life events and their reported degree of 'upset') between baseline and follow-up was calculated. Demographic data and medical record information were collected. Separate regression analyses were conducted with MDD and PHQ-9 scores as the dependent variables. RESULTS: In total, there were 7.4% (120) incident cases of MDD with 81.5% (1317) continuing to remain free of a diagnosis of MDD. Univariate analyses demonstrated that those with MDD were more likely to be female, less likely to be physically active, more likely to have diabetes complications at baseline and have higher CSS. Mean scores for the WHO-5, PAID and PHQ-9 were poorer in those with incident MDD compared with those who had never had a diagnosis of MDD. Regression analyses demonstrated that higher PHQ-9, lower WHO-5 scores and greater CSS were significant predictors of incident MDD. Significant predictors of PHQ-9 were baseline PHQ-9 score, WHO-5, PAID and CSS. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the importance of psychosocial factors in addition to physiological variables in the development of depressive symptoms and incident MDD in people with type 2 diabetes. Stressful life events, depressive symptoms and diabetes-related distress all play a significant role which has implications for practice. A more holistic approach to care, which recognises the interplay of these psychosocial factors, may help to mitigate their impact on diabetes self-management as well as MDD, thus early screening and treatment for symptoms is recommended.

COVID-19 IN DIABETES PATIENTS IN UKRAINE: LESSONS FOR DOCTORS AND PATIENTS.

World Health Organization recognized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The first case of COVID-19 in Ukraine was confirmed on 3 March 2020 in Chernivtsi and the first lethal case was reported on 13 March 2020. As of 22 April 2020 6592 cases of COVID-19 have been reported in Ukraine, among these cases 174 caused death (2.64% lethality), 467 patients (7.08% of cases) have recovered. The feature of COVID-19 pandemics in Ukraine is that the age of patients is lower (50-59 years old, 40-49 years old and 30-39 years old) than in China and other European countries. Another feature of COVID-19 epidemiology in Ukraine is that virus cause disease in women (56.0%) more often than in men (44.0%). But there are more male patients in other countries. Although there are more male deaths (51.7%) than female (48.3%) in Ukraine. Deaths have occurred in 30-49 years old patients (14%), in 50-69 years old patients (48%), in 70 years old and older patients (38%). 85% of all deaths were over 50 years of age. 79% of patients who died from COVID-19 had severe cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, neoplasms, renal diseases, respiratory disorders and obesity. In total, co-morbidities (one or several) have been cardiovascular diseases (74%), diabetes mellitus (22%), lungs diseases (9%), neoplasms (8%), renal diseases (7%). In this article we analyzed epidemiology and causes of negative influence of diabetes mellitus on COVID-19 progress in world and Ukraine. We also made recommendations on prophylaxis and patients treatment in cases of COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus co-morbidity.

Cognitive functioning and structural brain abnormalities in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIMS: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with cognitive dysfunction, but the underlying structural brain correlates are uncertain. This study examined the association between cognitive functioning and structural brain abnormalities in people with long-standing Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Ninety-three people with Type 2 diabetes (age 62.3 ± 5.4 years, diabetes duration 9.7 ± 6.7 years; HbA1c 65 ± 10 mmol/mol, 8.1 ± 1.3%) were included. Cognitive functioning was assessed by a test battery covering the domains memory, processing speed and executive functioning. Brain tissue volumes and white matter hyperintensity volumes were automatically determined on MRI. Linear regression analyses were performed adjusted for age, sex and education. RESULTS: In people with Type 2 diabetes, increased white matter hyperintensity volume was associated with decreased processing speed [regression B coefficient = -0.22 (-0.38 to -0.06), P = 0.009], but not with memory or executive function (P > 0.05). Brain tissue volumes were not significantly related to cognitive functioning (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In people with long-standing, less strictly controlled Type 2 diabetes, white matter hyperintensities volumes were associated with decreased processing speed. This suggests that cerebral small vessel disease is an underlying disease mechanism of cognitive dysfunction in these individuals.

Prevalence and correlates of depressive disorders in people with Type 2 diabetes: results from the International Prevalence and Treatment of Diabetes and Depression (INTERPRET-DD) study, a collaborative study carried out in 14 countries.

AIMS: To assess the prevalence and management of depressive disorders in people with Type 2 diabetes in different countries. METHODS: People with diabetes aged 18-65 years and treated in outpatient settings were recruited in 14 countries and underwent a psychiatric interview. Participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire and the Problem Areas in Diabetes scale. Demographic and medical record data were collected. RESULTS: A total of 2783 people with Type 2 diabetes (45.3% men, mean duration of diabetes 8.8 years) participated. Overall, 10.6% were diagnosed with current major depressive disorder and 17.0% reported moderate to severe levels of depressive symptomatology (Patient Health Questionnaire scores >9). Multivariable analyses showed that, after controlling for country, current major depressive disorder was significantly associated with gender (women) (P<0.0001), a lower level of education (P<0.05), doing less exercise (P<0.01), higher levels of diabetes distress (P<0.0001) and a previous diagnosis of major depressive disorder (P<0.0001). The proportion of those with either current major depressive disorder or moderate to severe levels of depressive symptomatology who had a diagnosis or any treatment for their depression recorded in their medical records was extremely low and non-existent in many countries (0-29.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Our international study, the largest of this type ever undertaken, shows that people with diabetes frequently have depressive disorders and also significant levels of depressive symptoms. Our findings indicate that the identification and appropriate care for psychological and psychiatric problems is not the norm and suggest a lack of the comprehensive approach to diabetes management that is needed to improve clinical outcomes.

The INTERPRET-DD study of diabetes and depression: a protocol.

AIM: People with diabetes are at an increased risk of developing depression and other psychological disorders. However, little is known about the prevalence, correlates or care pathways in countries other than the UK and the USA. A new study, the International Prevalence and Treatment of Diabetes and Depression Study (INTERPRET-DD) aims to address this dearth of knowledge and identify optimal pathways to care across the globe. METHOD: INTERPRET-DD is a 2-year longitudinal study, taking place in 16 countries' diabetes outpatients' facilities, investigating the recognition and management of depressive disorders in people with Type 2 diabetes. Clinical interviews are used to diagnose depression, with clinical and other data obtained from medical records and through patient interviews. Pathways to care and the impact of treatment for previously unrecognized (undocumented) depression on clinical outcomes and emotional well-being are being investigated. RESULTS: Initial evidence indicates that a range of pathways to care exist, with few of them based on available recommendations for treatment. Pilot data indicates that the instruments we are using to measure both the symptoms and clinical diagnosis of depression are acceptable in our study population and easy to use. CONCLUSIONS: Our study will increase the understanding of the impact of comorbid diabetes and depression and identify the most appropriate (country-specific) pathways via which patients receive their care. It addresses an important public health problem and leads to recommendations for best practice relevant to the different participating centres with regard to the identification and treatment of people with comorbid diabetes and depression.

Impairment of cerebral autoregulation in diabetic patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and orthostatic hypotension.

AIMS: Impaired cerebrovascular reactivity and autoregulation has been previously reported in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, the contribution of cardiovascular diabetic autonomic neuropathy and orthostatic hypotension to the pathogenesis of such disturbances is not known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate cerebral blood flow velocity in response to standing in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy with or without orthostatic hypotension. METHODS: We studied 27 patients with diabetes--eight had cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and orthostatic hypotension (age 46.4 +/- 13.5 years, diabetes duration 25.0 +/- 11.0 years), seven had autonomic neuropathy without hypotension (age 47.3 +/- 12.7 years, diabetes duration 26.4 +/- 12.1 years), and 12 had no evidence of autonomic neuropathy (age 44.1 +/- 13.8 years, diabetes duration 17.1 +/- 10.2 years)-and 12 control subjects (age 42.6 +/- 9.7 years). Flow velocity was recorded in the right middle cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler sonography in the supine position and after active standing. RESULTS: Cerebral flow velocity in the supine position was not different between the groups studied. Active standing resulted in a significant drop of mean and diastolic flow velocities in autonomic neuropathy patients with orthostatic hypotension, while there were no such changes in the other groups. The relative changes in mean flow velocity 1 min after standing up were -22.7 +/- 16.25% in patients with neuropathy and orthostatic hypotension, +0.02 +/- 9.8% in those with neuropathy without hypotension, -2.8 +/- 14.05% in patients without neuropathy, and -9.2 +/- 15.1% in controls. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with diabetes and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy with orthostatic hypotension show instability in cerebral blood flow upon active standing, which suggests impaired cerebral autoregulation.

Cerebrovascular disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for ischemic, but not hemorrhagic stroke. The frequency of transient ischemic attacks is not increased in patients with diabetes compared to the general population. Diabetes mellitus is associated with higher mortality, worse functional outcome, more severe disability after stroke and a higher frequency of recurrent stroke. Diabetes is not associated with an increased size of cerebral infarction. Controversy exists regarding whether hyperglycemia adversely affects stroke outcome or primarily reflects stroke severity. Cerebral blood flow disturbances, impaired cerebrovascular reactivity, and damage to large and small extra- and intracranial cerebral vessels have been found in humans and animals with diabetes. Combinations of some or all of these factors may underlie the high incidence and worse outcome of stroke in patients with diabetes. Knowledge of these pathophysiologic factors will assist in the design of future intervention strategies.

The size of subcortical ischemic infarction in patients with and without diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with a higher frequency and poorer outcome of ischemic stroke. Determinants of the poorer prognosis of stroke in patients with diabetes are not well defined. We investigated whether size of cerebral infarction differs in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. We compared ischemic lesions in 41 consecutive stroke patients with subcortical infarction-22 with and 19 without diabetes mellitus. The location and size of the ischemic infarct were derived from magnetic resonance images obtained on day 3 or 4 post stroke onset. Cross-sectional infarct area was determined by direct measurement from film. The age of patients was similar in both groups. Patients with diabetes had higher prevalence of arterial hypertension, and previous stroke, and higher admission triglyceride and glucose levels compared to patients without diabetes. We found no significant difference in the size of ischemic lesions in patients with and without diabetes mellitus (1.87 vs. 1.72 cm2, respectively). We conclude that among patients with subcortical ischemic stroke the size of infarction is not different between patients with and without diabetes mellitus.