ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Adaptar un cuestionario conductual para la vigilancia de segunda generación del VIH/sida en mujeres trabajadoras sexuales (MTS) de la Región Metropolitana, Chile. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo de validación de instrumento. Se validó un cuestionario español adaptado en Cataluña (España) mediante traducción y retrotraducción del instrumento original. La validación de contenido se realizó a través de un grupo Delphi modificado, constituido por expertos en MTS y VIH, representantes de los ámbitos comunitario, político e institucional. Se evaluaron aspectos relacionados con la aplicabilidad del instrumento en terreno, encuestando a MTS de la Región Metropolitana. Resultados: El cuestionario, escrito en español de España, fue satisfactoriamente adaptado al español de Chile. En el proceso de validación de contenido se logró definir las secciones que abordan el VIH en la población MTS. El cuestionario adaptado tiene un tiempo de aplicación de menos de 15 minutos, por lo que es utilizable en terreno. Las 61 mujeres encuestadas presentan características diversas, tanto en país de origen (todas eran latinoamericanas) como en nivel de estudios, lo que permitió captar potenciales problemas en su aplicación. Discusión: El cuestionario adaptado para Chile contiene todos los indicadores para MTS recomendados por ONUSIDA, así como los recomendados por el Familly Health International para la vigilancia bioconductual. El instrumento definitivo emerge como una herramienta para la vigilancia de segunda generación del VIH y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual en Chile, y como un aporte al abordaje de políticas preventivas en la población de MTS (AU)
Objective: To adapt a behavioural questionnaire for second-generation HIV/AIDS surveillance in female sex workers (FSWs) in the Metropolitan Region, Chile. Methods: Qualitative study of instruments validation. A Spanish instrument adapted in Catalonia was validated through a translation and back-translation of the original version. The content validity was determined through a modified Delphi method, via FSW and HIV experts representing community, political and institutional levels. Applicability aspects were determined by the application of the questionnaire to FSW in the Metropolitan Region. Results: The questionnaire, drafted in Spain, was successfully adapted to Chilean Spanish. The content validity process enabled sections to be created that address HIV in FSWs. The adapted questionnaire takes less than 15minutes to complete, which makes it usable in fieldwork. The 61 women surveyed came from different countries (all were Latin Americans) and had different educational levels; all this enabled potential applicability problems to be detected. Discussion: The adapted questionnaire for Chile contains all the UNAIDS indicators for FSWs, as well as the recommended indicators of Family Health International for bio-behavioural surveillance. Said questionnaire serves as a tool for second-generation HIV/other STD surveillance and further contributes to preventive policies in Chilean FSWs (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Sexual Behavior/statistics & numerical data , Epidemiological Monitoring/statistics & numerical data , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Sex Workers/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires , Chile/epidemiology , Delphi Technique , 25783/methods , TranslatingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To adapt a behavioural questionnaire for second-generation HIV/AIDS surveillance in female sex workers (FSWs) in the Metropolitan Region, Chile. METHODS: Qualitative study of instruments validation. A Spanish instrument adapted in Catalonia was validated through a translation and back-translation of the original version. The content validity was determined through a modified Delphi method, via FSW and HIV experts representing community, political and institutional levels. Applicability aspects were determined by the application of the questionnaire to FSW in the Metropolitan Region. RESULTS: The questionnaire, drafted in Spain, was successfully adapted to Chilean Spanish. The content validity process enabled sections to be created that address HIV in FSWs. The adapted questionnaire takes less than 15minutes to complete, which makes it usable in fieldwork. The 61 women surveyed came from different countries (all were Latin Americans) and had different educational levels; all this enabled potential applicability problems to be detected. DISCUSSION: The adapted questionnaire for Chile contains all the UNAIDS indicators for FSWs, as well as the recommended indicators of Family Health International for bio-behavioural surveillance. Said questionnaire serves as a tool for second-generation HIV/other STD surveillance and further contributes to preventive policies in Chilean FSWs.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/epidemiology , Population Surveillance , Sex Work/statistics & numerical data , Sex Workers , Sexual Behavior , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adolescent , Adult , Chile , Cultural Characteristics , Delphi Technique , Educational Status , Female , HIV Infections/psychology , Humans , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Unsafe Sex , Young AdultABSTRACT
Breaking bad news is a complex task that requires multiple communication skills from health professionals. Clinical practice demands to communicate all type of bad news, from a diagnosis of cancer to adverse effects of a treatment. On the other hand, since the beginning of the health reform in 2003, the need to improve the quality of services was proposed, among which the concern about the rights and duties of patients stands out. Therefore, the health care provider-patient relationship becomes again the subject of discussion and study, and a topic of great importance for clinical work. We revise the consequences of breaking bad news for the patient and for the health care provider, as well as the current protocols available for this purpose. The importance of developing communication skills both for future health professionals as for those who currently work in the area is emphasized.
Subject(s)
Humans , Attitude of Health Personnel , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Physician-Patient Relations , Truth DisclosureABSTRACT
Breaking bad news is a complex task that requires multiple communication skills from health professionals. Clinical practice demands to communicate all type of bad news, from a diagnosis of cancer to adverse effects of a treatment. On the other hand, since the beginning of the health reform in 2003, the need to improve the quality of services was proposed, among which the concern about the rights and duties of patients stands out. Therefore, the health care provider-patient relationship becomes again the subject of discussion and study, and a topic of great importance for clinical work. We revise the consequences of breaking bad news for the patient and for the health care provider, as well as the current protocols available for this purpose. The importance of developing communication skills both for future health professionals as for those who currently work in the area is emphasized.
Subject(s)
Attitude of Health Personnel , Physician-Patient Relations , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Truth Disclosure , HumansABSTRACT
Hoy en día existe un creciente interés en el estudio de la rentabilidad de los proyectos de prevención, para lo cual existen varios modelos de estudios económicos y financieros en la literatura especializada. Sobre la base de los mismos y considerando los factores que intervienen en un proyecto de prevención de incendios forestales, se presenta una metodología de aplicación para un bosque con una superficie superior a las 50 hectáreas, en la VIII Región de Chile. Este estudio considera los costos de desarrollar y mantener una brigada de combatientes del fuego, torres de vigilancia y un campamento base dentro del bosque, durante un período de 10 años. Estos costos e inversiones serán llevados a un valor presente para poder compararlos con una pérdida estadísticamente probada hoy en día, generada por un incendio forestal de magnitudes. Estas pérdidas son ajustadas por la probabilidad de ocurrencia de un incendio forestal en esta región, de manera que representar con mayor fidelidad una cifra de deterioro económico de las empresas del rubro
