Modified Atkins Diet in Adolescents and Adults with Drug Resistant Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Epilepsy is one of the common neurological diseases which affects 65-70 million people worldwide. Modified Atkins diet (MAD) as a therapy is used as one of the treatments to reduce the seizures occurrence in epileptic patients. The purpose of this purpose is to review all evidence regarding the efficacy of the MAD from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in adolescents and adults with drug resistant epilepsy (DRE). The total of three databases were searched (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) till 31 January 2023. Only RCTs with MAD as a one of the treatment arms were included in meta-analysis. The proportion of reduction of seizures in patients with epilepsy and relative risk to identify the relationship between MAD (as risk) to decrease the epileptic seizure was used as outcomes. The Jadad score with three domains was used to estimate the quality of RCTs included for meta-analysis. Only three RCTs were included following the stringent inclusion criteria in current meta-analysis. The pooled proportion from 142 patients going through MAD therapy shows the reduction in epileptic seizure ≥50%, by the random effect model was 0.23 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10 to 0.37). Our meta-analysis underlines a significant efficacy of MAD compared to the control group in seizure reduction ≥50%, The pooled relative risk was 6.47 (95% CI, 1.60 to 26.14; p-value <0.05). MAD therapy was efficacious and had better compliance for seizure reduction in subjects with DRE.

Safety, Efficacy, and Tolerability of Modified Atkins Diet in Persons With Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Modified Atkins diet (MAD) has emerged as an adjuvant therapy in drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Most studies are in children; there is limited evidence for DRE in adults. This study aimed to investigate whether MAD along with standard drug therapy (SDT) was indeed more effective than SDT alone in reducing seizure frequency and improving psychological outcomes at 6 months in adolescents and adults with DRE (nonsurgical). METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted at tertiary care referral center in India. Persons with DRE aged 10-55 years attending outpatient epilepsy clinics between August 2015 and April 2019, who had more than 2 seizures per month despite using at least 3 appropriate antiseizure medications (ASMs) at their maximum tolerated doses and had not been on any form of diet therapy for the past 1 year, were enrolled. Patients were assessed for the eligibility and randomly assigned to receive SDT plus MAD (intervention arm) or SDT alone (control arm). The primary outcome was >50% reduction in seizure frequency, and the secondary outcomes were quality of life (QOL), behavior, adverse events, and rate of withdrawal at 6 months. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of 243 patients were screened for eligibility; 160 patients (80 adults and 80 adolescents) were randomized to either the intervention or control arm. Demographic and clinical characteristics in both groups were comparable at baseline. At 6 months, >50% seizure reduction was seen in 26.2% in the intervention group vs 2.5% in the control group (95% CI 13.5-33.9; p < 0.001). Improvement in QOL was 52.1 ± 17.6 in the intervention group vs 42.5 ± 16.4 in the control group (mean difference, 9.6; 95% CI 4.3 to 14.9, p < 0.001). However, behavior scores could be performed in 49 patients, and improvement was seen in the intervention vs control group (65.6 ± 7.9 vs 71.4 ± 8.1, p = 0.015) at the end of the study. One patient had weight loss; 2 patients had diarrhea. DISCUSSION: The MAD group demonstrated improvement in all aspects (reduction in seizure frequency and behavioral problems) compared with the control group at the end of the study. MAD is an effective modality in controlling seizures; further research is required to assess its efficacy in terms of biomarkers along with descriptive metabolomics studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: The clinical trial registry of India: CTRI/2015/07/006048. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that the MAD increases the probability of seizure reduction in adolescents and adults with DRE.

Early enteral nutrition therapy in congenital cardiac repair postoperatively: A randomized, controlled pilot study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adequate nutritional supplementation in infants with cardiac malformations after surgical repair is a challenge. Critically ill infants in the early postoperative period are in a catabolic stress. The mismatch between estimated energy requirement (EER) and the intake in the postoperative period is multifactorial, predisposing them to complications such as immune deficiency, more infection, and growth failure. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and efficacy of enriched breast milk feed on postoperative recovery and growth of infants after open heart surgery. METHODOLOGY: Fifty infants <6 months of age were prospectively randomized in the trial for enteral nutrition (EN) postoperatively from day 1 to 10, after obtaining the Institute Ethics Committee's approval. They were equally divided into two groups on the basis of the feed they received: Control group was fed with expressed breast milk (EBM; 0.65 kcal/ml) and intervention group was fed with EBM + energy supplementation/fortification with human milk fortifier (7.5 kcal/2 g)/Simyl medium-chain triglyceride oil (7.8 kcal/ml). Energy need for each infant was calculated as per EER at 90 kcal/kg/day, as the target requirement. The intra- and post-operative variables such as cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times, ventilation duration, Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and hospital length of stay and mortality were recorded. Anthropometric and hematological parameters and infection control data were recorded in a predesigned pro forma. Data were analyzed using Stata 14.1 software. RESULTS: The duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay (LOIS), length of hospital stay (LOHS), infection rate, and mortality rate were lower in the intervention group compared to the control group although none of the differences were statistically significant. Infants in control group needed mechanical ventilation for about a day more (i.e., 153.6 ± 149.0 h vs. 123.2 ± 107.0 h; P = 0.20) than those in the intervention group. Similarly, infants in control group stayed for longer duration in the ICU (13.2 ± 8.9 days) and hospital (16.5 ± 9.8 days) as compared to the intervention group (11.0 ± 6.1 days; 14.1 ± 7.0 days) (P = 0.14 and 0.17, respectively). The LOIS and LOHS were decreased by 2.2 and 2.4 days, respectively, in the intervention group compared to control group. The infection rate (3/25; 5/25) and mortality rate (1/25; 2/25) were lower in the intervention group than those in the control group. The energy intake in the intervention group was 40 kcal more (i.e., 127.2 ± 56.1 kcal vs. 87.1 ± 38.3 kcal) than the control group on the 10th postoperative day. CONCLUSIONS: Early enteral/oral feeding after cardiac surgery is feasible and recommended. In addition, enriching the EBM is helpful in achieving the maximum possible calorie intake in the postoperative period. EN therapy might help in providing adequate nutrition, and it decreases ventilation duration, infection rate, LOIS, LOHS, and mortality.