ABSTRACT
A phase shift proximity printing lithographic mask is designed, manufactured and tested. Its design is based on a Fresnel computer-generated hologram, employing the scalar diffraction theory. The obtained amplitude and phase distributions were mapped into discrete levels. In addition, a coding scheme using sub-cells structure was employed in order to increase the number of discrete levels, thus increasing the degree of freedom in the resulting mask. The mask is fabricated on a fused silica substrate and an amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a:C-H) thin film which act as amplitude modulation agent. The lithographic image is projected onto a resist coated silicon wafer, placed at a distance of 50 microm behind the mask. The results show a improvement of the achieved resolution--linewidth as good as 1.5 microm--what is impossible to obtain with traditional binary masks in proximity printing mode. Such achieved dimensions can be used in the fabrication of MEMS and MOEMS devices. These results are obtained with a UV laser but also with a small arc lamp light source exploring the partial coherence of this source.
Subject(s)
Computer Simulation , Light , Photography/methods , Printing/methods , Algorithms , Holography/methodsABSTRACT
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 3% of new cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. Unfortunately many RCC masses remain asymptomatic and nonpalpable until they are advanced. Diagnosis and localization of early carcinoma play an important role in the prevention and curative treatment of RCC. The autofluorescence of blood porphyrin of healthy and tumor induced in male SCID mice was analyzed using fluorescence and excitation spectroscopy. A significant contrast between normal and tumor blood could be established. Blood porphyrin fluorophore showed enhanced fluorescence band (around 630 nm) in function of the tumor growth. This indicates that either the autofluorescence intensity of the blood fluorescence may provide a good parameter for the "first approximation" characterization of the tumor stage.
Subject(s)
Neoplasms/diagnosis , Porphyrins/blood , Animals , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/blood , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology , Cell Line, Tumor , Disease Models, Animal , Disease Progression , Humans , Male , Mice , Mice, SCID , Neoplasm Staging/methods , Neoplasms/blood , Neoplasms/pathology , Porphyrins/chemistry , Protoporphyrins/blood , Protoporphyrins/chemistry , Spectrometry, Fluorescence , Spectrophotometry, UltravioletABSTRACT
We introduce the use of a lanthanide complex, tetracycline-europium, for the clinical diagnosis of urea hydrogen peroxide in human whole blood. The values obtained agree with the urea concentration variation verified in 49 patients, including 12 predialysis, 12 peritoneal, and 15 dialysis subjects, and 10 controls. This method is noninvasive and can help in the identification of renal and cardiac diseases.
Subject(s)
Molecular Probes/chemistry , Organometallic Compounds/chemistry , Peroxides/blood , Tetracyclines/chemistry , Urea/analogs & derivatives , Biosensing Techniques/methods , Carbamide Peroxide , Drug Combinations , Fluorescence , Humans , Kidney Failure, Chronic/blood , Kidney Failure, Chronic/diagnosis , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Renal Dialysis , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Urea/bloodABSTRACT
Este trabalho objetivou o levantamento do índice de câncer de maior número de óbitos na regiäo de Londrinano período de 1981 a 1991. O levantamento foi efetuado com base na análise de dados obtidos no Posto de Saúde da Vila Casoni, em cartório e na 17ª Regional de Saúde de Londrina. Da análise, foi concluído que o tipo de câncer que mais levou a óbitos foi o de estômago, seguido pelo câncer de mama e de colo de útero
