ABSTRACT
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) promoted several activities to strengthen the countries' emergency response. Vaccines represented a breakthrough in the pandemic evolution, even though they have not been equitably distributed. As most vaccines have received emergency authorizations for their timely delivery, vaccine safety surveillance has been highlighted for detecting early signals of potential adverse events following immunization (AEFI, also known as ESAVI). The objective of this article is to share the different steps, methodologies, and preliminary results of a regional policy to strengthen the ESAVI surveillance system in the Americas, including the adoption of HL7 FHIR for health information exchange between countries and PAHO.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19 , Health Level Seven , Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems , Americas , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects , Humans , Pandemics/prevention & control , Vaccination/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Trypanosoma cruzi calreticulin (TcCalr, formerly known as TcCRT), upon binding to Complement (C) C1 and ficolins, inhibits the classical and lectin pathways and promotes infectivity. This virulence correlates with the expression of TcCalr. The TcCalr C inhibitory capacity was shown in a previous work using a clonal epimastigote cell line from the TCC T. cruzi strain, lacking one TcCalr allele (TcCalr+/-) or over expressing it (TcCalr+). In this work, we detected atypical morphology in TcCalr+/- and in TcCalr+ parasites, as compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. Polyclonal anti-TcCalr antibodies detected TcCalr presence mainly in the parasite nucleus. The number of TcCalr indicator gold particles, detected in electron microscopy and quantified in silico, correlated with the number of TcCalr coding genes. Both TcCalr+ and TcCalr +/- epimastigotes presented morphological alterations.
Subject(s)
Calreticulin/genetics , Chagas Disease/parasitology , Gene Dosage , Genes, Protozoan , Trypanosoma cruzi/genetics , Alleles , Animals , Animals, Genetically Modified , Calreticulin/metabolism , Cell Nucleus/genetics , Cell Nucleus/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation , Genotype , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Trypanosoma cruzi/cytology , Trypanosoma cruzi/ultrastructureABSTRACT
Trypanosoma cruzi calreticulin (TcCRT), a 47-kDa chaperone, translocates from the endoplasmic reticulum to the area of flagellum emergence. There, it binds to complement components C1 and mannan-binding lectin (MBL), thus acting as a main virulence factor, and inhibits the classical and lectin pathways. The localization and functions of TcCRT, once the parasite is inside the host cell, are unknown. In parasites infecting murine macrophages, polyclonal anti-TcCRT antibodies detected TcCRT mainly in the parasite nucleus and kinetoplast. However, with a monoclonal antibody (E2G7), the resolution and specificity of the label markedly improved, and TcCRT was detected mainly in the parasite kinetoplast. Gold particles, bound to the respective antibodies, were used as probes in electron microscopy. This organelle may represent a stopover and accumulation site for TcCRT, previous its translocation to the area of flagellum emergence. Finally, early during T. cruzi infection and by unknown mechanisms, an important decrease in the number of MHC-I positive host cells was observed.
Subject(s)
Calreticulin/metabolism , Chagas Disease/parasitology , Macrophages/parasitology , Trypanosoma cruzi/metabolism , Animals , Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology , Antigens, Protozoan/immunology , Calreticulin/immunology , Cell Line , Cell Nucleus/metabolism , Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure , Complement C1/metabolism , Host-Parasite Interactions , Humans , Macrophages/metabolism , Mannose-Binding Lectin/metabolism , Mice , Models, Biological , Molecular Chaperones/immunology , Molecular Chaperones/metabolism , Organelles/metabolism , Organelles/ultrastructure , Protozoan Proteins/immunology , Protozoan Proteins/metabolism , Rabbits , Recombinant Proteins , Trypanosoma cruzi/immunology , Trypanosoma cruzi/ultrastructure , Virulence Factors/immunology , Virulence Factors/metabolismABSTRACT
El metodo de EVA TM (Economic Added) ha sido registrado como una marca por la consultora Stern Stewart & Co de USA, cuya difusion en los circulos academicos asi como empresariales continua en auge en su pais de origen asi como en Europa, habiendose empezado a difundir en Latinoamerica en los dos ultimos años. El principio de este metodo esta en descubrir si el rendimiento operativo es suficiente comparado con el costo total del capital empleado. Para ellos los analistas de la firma consultora toman un viejo concepto: "residual value" el cual lo vinculan a los actuales desarrollos financieros de esta epoca: mercados de capital. Unir el concepto del costo de capital al rendimiento de los mercados de capital, este es el principal aporte de este metodo.
