ABSTRACT
We used acute flaccid paralysis surveillance data collected between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2003 from the Pakistan Polio Eradication Initiative to describe the epidemiological characteristics and disease burden of traumatic injection neuropathy among children aged under 15 years. Of the 5627 acute flaccid paralysis cases reported, 456 were identified as traumatic injection neuropathy by case review. The condition was more common in younger children who were also more likely to have persistent paralysis. We estimate that the annual incidence of traumatic injection neuropathy rate in Pakistan is 7.1 per 1 000 000 in children under 3 years old.
Subject(s)
Injections, Intramuscular/adverse effects , Muscle Hypotonia/epidemiology , Muscle Hypotonia/etiology , Neuritis/epidemiology , Neuritis/etiology , Acute Disease , Age Distribution , Chi-Square Distribution , Child , Child, Preschool , Clinical Competence , Cost of Illness , Disease Notification , Epidemiologic Studies , Female , Humans , Incidence , Infant , Injections, Intramuscular/standards , Male , Muscle Hypotonia/prevention & control , Neuritis/prevention & control , Paraplegia/epidemiology , Paraplegia/etiology , Poliomyelitis/epidemiology , Poliomyelitis/etiology , Population Surveillance , Residence Characteristics , Seasons , Sex Distribution , Unnecessary ProceduresABSTRACT
We used acute flaccid paralysis surveillance data collected between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2003 from the Pakistan Polio Eradication Initiative to describe the epidemiological characteristics and disease burden of traumatic injection neuropathy among children aged under 15 years. Of the 5627 acute flaccid paralysis cases reported, 456 were identified as traumatic injection neuropathy by case review. The condition was more common in younger children who were also more likely to have persistent paralysis. We estimate that the annual incidence of traumatic injection neuropathy rate in Pakistan is 7.1 per 1 000 000 in children under 3 years old
Subject(s)
Acute Disease , Age Distribution , Chi-Square Distribution , Child, Preschool , Clinical Competence , Cost of Illness , Epidemiologic Studies , Injections, IntramuscularABSTRACT
Surveys were conducted of adult and immature mosquitoes in an area undergoing oil palm development in north Sarawak. Point prevalence data from 2 sites were collected annually, coinciding with annual phases of forest clearing, burning/cultivation, and maintenance. Major habitat perturbation during the forest/clearing transition shifted the major mosquito faunal equilibrium in terms of species composition, relative density and occurrence. Analyses of variance showed that the mean numbers of 4 species of Anopheles decreased significantly after forest clearing. Relative densities of immature stages decreased after forest clearing, but A. letifer and Culex tritaeniorhynchus remained relatively unchanged after the second year. Comparisons with the pre-development forest stage showed that the reductions in person-biting rates, adult survival and combined entomological inoculation rates (EIR) of A. donaldi and A. letifer decreased the risk of malaria transmission by 90% over the 4 years period. Concomitant reductions in EIR and annual malaria incidence were also correlated. This study highlighted the 'law of unintended consequences', since 2 contrasting effects were observed: reduction of malaria vectors but concomitant increase of dengue vectors.
