Dietary hydrolyzed soya lecithin affects feed intake, abundance of bacteria in the caecum, fatty acid composition and area of adipocytes in pre-mating primiparous V-line female rabbit.

This study aimed at investigating the effect of hydrolyzed soya lecithin; also called lysolecithin or lysophosphatidylcholine, on growth performance, caecal microbiota and fat depots in pre-breeding primiparous rabbits does. For this, 60 V-Line primiparous rabbits does (5-6 months) were used in a 30-day experiment. Does were allotted into three iso-nitrogenous iso-caloric dietary treatments (n = 20/group) as follows: (1) CON received 0% soya lecithin, (2) LECL group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.5% soya lecithin and (3) LECH group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 1% soya lecithin. Growth performance indices were measured, caecum samples were collected for measurement of specific bacteria via qPCR, and several fat depots including periovarian fat were sampled for adipocyte morphometry and fatty acid profiling. Statistical analysis was performed using GLM procedures of SAS v9.4. Soya lecithin increased feed intake (p < 0.05). The abundance of caecal Bifidobacteria species, Ruminococcus species and phylum Butryvibrio-specific genes increased (p < 0.05) in rabbits receiving soya lecithin in their diet, soya lecithin increased the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in subcutaneous and perirenal fat (p < 0.05) and increased the level of monounsaturated fatty acids in periovarian fat (p < 0.05); additionally, the adipocyte area increased in periovarian and perirenal fat (p < 0.05). In conclusion, soya lecithin at a dose of 0.5% increased feed intake and energy storage in adipocytes and improved the fatty acid profile of periovarian fat.

Sun-dried Azolla leaf meal at 10% dietary inclusion improved growth, meat quality, and increased skeletal muscle Ribosomal protein S6 kinase ß1 abundance in growing rabbit.

Rapidly growing human populations and the increased need for high nutritive value meat in terms of low fat, high protein, and low sodium content are the driving reasons for the increase in rabbit meat production. However, dietary protein alternatives to sustain rabbit meat production, without competing with humans for strategic crops are needed. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate the effect of Azolla leaf meal (ALM) as a dietary protein source on growth performance, meat quality, and abundance and activation of Ribosomal protein S6 kinase ß1 (p70S6K1), a downstream target of mammalian target of rapamycin signalling pathway and, thus, a key player in the regulation of protein synthesis and muscle mass. For this purpose, 60 weaned male V-Line rabbits were blocked for the initial BW and randomly allotted into four dietary treatments, with 15 replicate per treatment (n = 15/group) as follows: (1) CON group was fed on basal diet contains 0% of ALM, (2) AZ10 group fed on diet containing 10% ALM, (3) AZ20 group fed on diet containing 20% ALM, and (4) AZ30 group fed on diet containing 30% ALM. Rabbits were raised individually, and the experimental period was 42 days. At the end of the experiment, rabbits were euthanised and blood and skeletal muscle samples were collected. Body weight and BW gain were the highest in AZ10 group (P = 0.01), while feed intake was the highest in AZ30 (P = 0.01), feed conversion ratio was the lowest in AZ10 and highest in AZ30 (P = 0.01). Dressing % was the highest in AZ10 and lowest in AZ30 groups (P = 0.01). Muscle cross-sectional area was low in both AZ20 and AZ30 groups compared to CON (P = 0.01). The lysine concentration of Longissimus lumborum muscle increased (P = 0.03) while isoleucine tended to decrease in AZ10 vs CON (P = 0.09). The phosphorylation ratio of skeletal muscle p70S6K1 increased in AZ10 and AZ20 groups (P = 0.05). Therefore, ALM could be included in a growing rabbit diet, up to 10%, while higher doses negatively alter production performance, meat quality, and feed efficiency of growing rabbits.

Influence of level of inclusion of Azolla leaf meal on growth performance, meat quality and skeletal muscle p70S6 kinase α abundance in broiler chickens.

The interest in biodiesel production from oil-bearing seeds rather than soybean necessitates the scientific validation of other good quality protein sources that could substitute soybean meal in animal diets, particularly, broiler chickens where soybean meal constitutes a large portion of their diet. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of sun-dried Azolla leaf meal (ALM) as an unconventional dietary protein source in broiler chicken diet on growth performance, meat quality, skeletal muscle cell growth and protein synthesis through regulation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6 kinase α). A total of 120 male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments. Each treatment had four cages (i.e. replicates) with 10 birds/cage. The control group was fed with a corn-soy-based diet, the AZ5 group was supplemented with 5% ALM and the AZ10 group was supplemented with 10% ALM for 37 days. A 5-day trial was also conducted to measure the apparent nutrient digestibility. Growth performance parameters were measured weekly. At the end of the experiment, 12 birds from each group (3/cage) were euthanized and used for samplings. Inclusion of ALM tended to improve BW gain (P = 0.06) and increased feed intake (P < 0.01). Additionally, ALM decreased the percentage of breast meat cooking loss linearly (P < 0.01). In addition, ALM at a dose of 5% increased the production of propionate in the cecum (P = 0.01). Activation of breast muscle p70S6 kinase was higher when ALM was included in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). The inclusion of ALM increased breast meat redness (P < 0.01); however, the lightness was within the normal range in all groups. Findings from our study suggest that ALM could be included in a broiler chicken diet up to 5% without any major negative effect on meat quality or performance, and it regulates muscle protein synthesis through activation of mammalian target of rapamycin/6S kinase signaling.

Double J stent of frontal sinus outflow tract in revision frontal sinus surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Frontal sinus surgery continues to challenge even the most experienced endoscopic sinus surgeon. Revision frontal sinus surgery is even more challenging. The use of stents in frontal sinus surgery has long been described, as an attempt to decrease the incidence of synechiae and stenosis. METHOD: This study included five patients who had previously undergone functional endoscopic sinus surgery but suffered recurrence of frontal sinusitis. Two had bilateral disease. Double J stents were used after endoscopic frontal sinusotomy. The stents were left in place for six months. RESULTS: Four of the 5 patients (6 out of 7 sinuses) had a patent frontal outflow tract after 10 to 36 months' follow up. CONCLUSION: Double J stents can be used as frontal sinus stents. They are well tolerated by patients, easily applied, and self-retaining with no need for sutures. The length of the stent can be altered according to the patient's anatomy and pathology.

Comparing ethylene glycol with glycerol for cryopreservation of buffalo bull semen in egg-yolk containing extenders.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the possibility of substituting glycerol for ethylene glycol when cryopreserving buffalo semen. Semen of eight buffalo bulls was mixed, pooled, and frozen in one of these four diluents: centrifuged Tris egg yolk glycerol; centrifuged Tris egg yolk ethylene glycol; centrifuged Milk egg yolk glycerol; or centrifuged Milk egg yolk ethylene glycol. Semen quality parameters assessed after thawing were motility, survivability, livability, sperm abnormality, acrosome integrity, and plasma membrane integrity. Conception rate and pregnancy rate were calculated after insemination of 104 buffaloes by straws of different groups (26 female/extender). Improvement in livability, sperm abnormality, acrosome integrity, plasma membrane integrity, conception rate, and pregnancy rate were seen when using ethylene glycol to replace glycerol when freezing buffalo bull semen in centrifuged TRIS egg yolk 61.15 ± 0.73, 24.85 ± 0.41, 69.10 ± 0.81, 71.75 ± 0.72, 46.2%, and 46.2%, respectively, followed by centrifuged milk egg yolk extenders.

Scaly scalp associated with crusted scabies: case series.

The diagnosis of crusted scabies is becoming more relevant due to the increase in number of immunocompromised patients. To date, more than 200 cases have been reported in the literature. However, crusted scabies seems to be under-diagnosed because of its unusual presentations. In this case series we present history, clinical manifestations, KOH smear, and histopathological findings of a series of four patients with crusted scabies. Scaly scalp was a prominent feature of the disease in all cases. Examination of and treatment of the scalp of patients with suspected crusted scabies should not be neglected. A KOH smear from the scalp offers a simple and reliable technique for diagnosis.

Association study of eight circadian genes with bipolar I disorder, schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia.

We hypothesize that circadian dysfunction could underlie, at least partially, the liability for bipolar 1 disorder (BD1). Our hypothesis motivated tests for the association between the polymorphisms of genes that mediate circadian function and liability for BD1. The US Caucasian patients with BD1 (DSM-IV criteria) and available parents were recruited from Pittsburgh and surrounding areas (n = 138 cases, 196 parents) and also selected from the NIMH Genetics Collaborative Initiative (n = 96 cases, 192 parents). We assayed 44 informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from eight circadian genes in the BD1 samples. A population-based sample, specifically cord blood samples from local live births, served as community-based controls (n = 180). It was used as a contrast for genotype and haplotype distributions with those of patients. US patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (SZ/SZA, n = 331) and available parents from Pittsburgh (n = 344) were assayed for a smaller set of SNPs based on the results from the BD1 samples. Modest associations with SNPs at ARNTL (BmaL1) and TIMELESS genes were observed in the BD1 samples. The associations were detected using family-based and case-control analyses, albeit with different SNPs. Associations with TIMELESS and PERIOD3 were also detected in the Pittsburgh SZ/SZA group. Thus far, evidence for association between specific SNPs at the circadian gene loci and BD1 is tentative. Additional studies using larger samples are required to evaluate the associations reported here.

Effect of some hypoglycemic herbs on the activity of phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and N-nitrosamines (NNA) are mainly activated by cytochrome P450s, and their associated enzyme activities such as aryl hydrocarbon (benzo(a)pyrene) hydroxylase (AHH), N-nitrosdimethylamine N-demethylase I (NDMA-dI), NADPH-cytochrome C reductase, and detoxified by glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione (GSH). The present study shows the influence of Cymbopogon proximus (Halfa barr), Zygophyllum coccineum L. (Kammun quaramany), Lupinus albus (Termis) as herbs capable of inducing hypoglycemia on the activity of the above mentioned enzymes in the liver of diabetic rats. Alloxan was administered as a single dose (120 mg/kg body weight) to induce diabetes and the herbs were administered to diabetic rats as repeated doses for 4 weeks. Alloxan-induced diabetes significantly increased the blood glucose level by 93% compared to the control level. On the other hand, repeated-dose treatments of diabetic rats with Cymbopogon proximus and Lupinus albus are more effective than Zygophyllum coccineum in restoring the elevated blood glucose level to the normal level. Alloxan treatment increased the hepatic activity of cytochrome P450, NADPH-cytochrome C reductase, AHH, NDMA-dI, GST and GSH by 112, 122, 82, 99, 64 and 26%, respectively. These herbs decreased the activity of above mentioned enzymes in the liver of diabetic rats compared to alloxan-treated rats. We conclude that alloxan increased the activity of cytochrome P450 system and that such herbs reduced these activities. The toxic effects of PAHs (e.g. benzo(a)pyrene) and NNA (e.g. N-nitrosdimethylamine) could be increased in the liver of diabetic rats through induction of their corresponding bioactivating enzymes. On the other hand, hypoglycemic herbs could alleviate the deleterious effects of these carcinogens in the liver of diabetic rats since these herbs reduced the hepatic content of cytochrome P450 and other associated enzyme activities compared to the diabetic group. Such alterations in the activity of phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes should be considered when therapeutic drugs are administered to diabetic patients since most of drugs are metabolized mainly by the cytochrome P450 system.

Usefulness of harmonic imaging for left ventricular opacification and endocardial border delineation by optison.

Harmonic and fundamental imaging techniques were directly compared in 20 patients undergoing intravenous contrast echocardiography for enhancement of left ventricular endocardial border definition. Harmonic imaging demonstrated significantly enhanced left ventricular endocardial border detection and improved the duration and intensity of a contrast effect despite a reduced dosing requirement.

Synthesis of some pyridine ribosides and their biological activity.

A synthesis of 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-pyridin-2-thiones via reaction of 3-cyanopyridin-2(1H)-thiones with 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranosyl bromide under basic conditions, followed by hydrolysis with methanolic ammonia is reported.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel naphthalenic and bioisosteric related amidic derivatives as melatonin receptor ligands.

A series of N-naphthylethyl amide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as melatonin receptor ligands. The affinity of each compound for the melatonin receptor was determined by binding studies using [2-125I]iodomelatonin on ovine pars tuberalis membrane homogenates. Structure-activity relationships led to the conclusion that naphthalene is a bioisostere of the indole moiety of melatonin. Moreover it appears that the affinity is strongly affected by the size of the substituent of the nitrogen of the amidic function. Many of these ligands give biphasic dose-response curves which suggests that there may be two melatonin receptor subtypes within the ovine pars tuberalis cells. The replacement of naphthalene by benzofuran or benzothiophene did not strongly alter the affinity for the melatonin receptor. In contrast, the benzimidazole analogue was a poor ligand. Compound 7, the naphthalenic analogue of melatonin, a selective ligand of the melatonin receptor and an agonist derivative, has been selected for clinical development.

The human ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH1 is involved in the repair of UV-damaged, alkylated and cross-linked DNA.

The human ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH1 shows 69% identity to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD6/UBC2 which plays a key role in DNA repair. To examine the function of UbcH1 (formerly named E2, M(r) 17,000), [(1990) EMBO J. 9, 1431-1435]) we tested its ability to functionally substitute for yeast RAD6/UBC2 in the recovery of cells from various DNA damage. Complementation by expression of the human UbcH1 cDNA revealed that the UbcH1 carries out the function of S. cerevisiae RAD6/UBC2 in the repair of UV-damaged, alkylated and cross-linked DNA.

Identification of several human urinary metabolites of 6-benzoyl benzoxazolinone by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

The biotransformation of 6-benzoyl benzoxazolinone (6-BB), a non-narcotic peripheral analgesic, was studied in eight healthy volunteers after oral administration of a single dose of 1 g. Urinary metabolites were extracted either with ethyl acetate at different pH values or by percolating at pH 5 through Amberlite XAD 2 ion-exchange resin. Eluates were concentrated under vacuum, purified by thin-layer chromatography and analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or direct insertion probe mass spectrometry. Metabolites were identified with reference to the mass spectra of various synthesized compounds assumed to be metabolites of 6-BB, as N-methylated or monohydroxylated compounds. Another metabolic pathway was cleavage of the benzoxazolinone heterocycle giving 2-amino-5-benzoyl phenol after hydrolysis and decarboxylation. N-methyl, N-acetyl and hydroxylated metabolites having an amino-5-benzoyl phenol structure were also found.