ABSTRACT
Focal therapies such as high-intensity focused ultrasound (HiFU) are an emerging therapeutic option for prostate cancer (PCA). Thermal or mechanical effects mediate most therapies. Moreover, locally administered drugs such as bicalutamide or docetaxel are new focal therapeutic options. We assessed the impact of such focal medical treatments on cell viability and heat sensitivity by pre-treating PCA cell lines and then gradually exposing them to heat. The individual heat response of the cell lines tested differed largely. Vertebral-Cancer of the Prostate (VCaP) cells showed an increase in metabolic activity at 40-50 °C. Androgen receptor (AR)-negative PC3 cells showed an increase at 51.3 °C and were overall more resistant to higher temperatures. Pre-treatment of VCaP cells with testosterone (VCaPrev) leads to a more PC3-like kinetic of the heat response. Pre-treatment with finasteride and bicalutamide did not cause changes in heat sensitivity in any cell line. Mitoxantrone treatment, however, shifted heat-induced proliferation loss to lower temperature in VCaP cells. Further analysis via RNAseq identified a possible correlation of heat resistance with H3K27me3-dependent gene regulation, which could be related to an increase in the histone methyltransferase EZH2 and a possible neuroendocrine differentiation. Pre-treatment with mitoxantrone might be a perspective for HiFU treatment. Further studies are needed to evaluate possible combinations with Hsp90 or EZH2 inhibitors.
ABSTRACT
Substrate-level phosphorylation mediated by succinyl-CoA ligase in the mitochondrial matrix produces high-energy phosphates in the absence of oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, when the electron transport chain is dysfunctional, provision of succinyl-CoA by the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) is crucial for maintaining the function of succinyl-CoA ligase yielding ATP, preventing the adenine nucleotide translocase from reversing. We addressed the source of the NAD(+) supply for KGDHC under anoxic conditions and inhibition of complex I. Using pharmacologic tools and specific substrates and by examining tissues from pigeon liver exhibiting no diaphorase activity, we showed that mitochondrial diaphorases in the mouse liver contribute up to 81% to the NAD(+) pool during respiratory inhibition. Under these conditions, KGDHC's function, essential for the provision of succinyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA ligase, is supported by NAD(+) derived from diaphorases. Through this process, diaphorases contribute to the maintenance of substrate-level phosphorylation during respiratory inhibition, which is manifested in the forward operation of adenine nucleotide translocase. Finally, we show that reoxidation of the reducible substrates for the diaphorases is mediated by complex III of the respiratory chain.
