A Brief Review of Demographic and Clinical Correlates of Cholesteatoma Surgery in the Qassim Region.

Background Cholesteatoma is described as the accumulation of squamous epithelium and keratinocytes within and around the middle ear cleft. There is a paucity of information regarding demographic and treatment outcomes for cholesteatoma in Saudi Arabia. An evaluation of the prevalence of comorbidities, complications and associations, of surgical treatment and demographics in the Qassim region was conducted. Methods This was a six-year retrospective review of patients treated for cholesteatoma at a private health facility, from August 2016 to July 2022. Data for age, gender, nationality, presence of comorbidities, type of surgery, type of anesthesia, and associated complications were collected from the electronic medical records and analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. Results A total of 60 participants records were retrieved. The average age of the study population was ([43.2 ±SD] 21.8) years. There was a slightly higher male preponderance (males 51.7% and females 48.3%). Hypertension was the most commonly reported comorbidity (31.7%), followed by diabetes mellitus (25%). Age and gender were not statistically significantly associated with type of surgery or complications. Conclusion Demographic variables were not significantly associated with clinical correlates, however, further studies with larger sample sizes, robust clinical information, and long-term follow-up are required.

Exploring digital technologies used in the design and manufacture of craniofacial implant surgical guides: A scoping review.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Unlike intraoral implants, digitally planned surgical templates used for guiding the ideal position of the craniofacial implants are not well established, and clear methods and guidelines for their design and construction are lacking. PURPOSE: The purpose of this scoping review was to identify the publications that used a full or partial computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD-CAM) protocol to create a surgical guide that achieves the correct positioning of craniofacial implants to retain a silicone facial prosthesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus for articles published before November 2021 in the English language. Articles needed to satisfy the eligibility criterion of in vivo articles that created a surgical guide with digital technology for inserting titanium craniofacial implants to hold a silicone facial prosthesis. Articles that inserted implants in the oral cavity or upper alveolus only and articles that did not describe the structure and retention of the surgical guide were excluded. RESULTS: Ten articles were included in the review; all were clinical reports. Two of the articles used a CAD-only approach alongside a conventionally constructed surgical guide. Eight articles described applying a complete CAD-CAM protocol for the implant guides. The digital workflow varied considerably depending on the software program, design, and retention of guides. Only 1 report described a follow-up scanning protocol to verify the accuracy of the final implant positions compared with the planned positions. CONCLUSIONS: Digitally designed surgical guides can be an excellent adjunct to accurately place titanium implants in the craniofacial skeleton for support of silicone prostheses. A sound protocol for the design and retention of the surgical guides will enhance the use and accuracy of craniofacial implants in prosthetic facial rehabilitation.

Healthcare Professionals' Perception Regarding Patient Rights and Safety in Najran, Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Patient safety and rights are the most crucial aspects of healthcare quality. In Saudi Arabia, there is a paucity of evidence concerning the perspectives of healthcare providers on the rights and safety of patients. Hence, this study aimed to assess the perceptions of healthcare providers toward patients' rights and safety in Najran, Saudi Arabia. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in Najran, Saudi Arabia, from December 2022 to October 2023, utilizing an online survey. This study included 307 healthcare providers who responded to the questionnaire via Google web link (Google LLC, Mountain View, California, United States). RESULTS: The present research comprised 307 healthcare personnel, of whom 65.8% were male and possessed a variety of academic backgrounds. The participants exhibited a high level of support for patients' rights, as evidenced by their agreement with 88.4-90% of questions on a variety of dimensions; this demonstrated their dedication to providing patient-centered care. Concerning medical errors, a significant proportion of respondents (74.9-86.1%) exhibited comprehensive comprehension and a readiness to disclose such incidents. Diverse viewpoints surfaced regarding the attribution of errors, the necessity of reporting, and the accountability for disclosure. The interdependence of patient rights and attitudes towards patient safety was highlighted by substantial positive correlations. CONCLUSION: The viewpoints of healthcare professionals regarding medical errors and patients' liberties were discussed in this study. Advocacy for patients' rights is indicative of a commitment to patient-centered care that prioritizes autonomy and transparency. Although most participants demonstrated a willingness to report medical errors and possess a solid comprehension of their causes, divergent views emerged regarding attribution and disclosure. The interrelation between patient rights and attitudes toward patient safety was supported by positive correlations. The significance of continuous education in healthcare to promote a safety culture and enhance patient-centric practices is underscored by these results. Future research is needed to investigate the effects of culturally tailored interventions on the attitudes and practices of healthcare providers in Najran with regard to patient rights and safety.

Assessment of Public Perception and Attitude Toward Skin Donation in Saudi Arabia.

Background The skin is the largest organ of the body. Burns are important health issues that significantly affect a variety of population groups. Skin grafting is still regarded as the gold standard in surgical burn treatment. The availability of skin for grafting is one of the main challenges in burn surgical therapies. Thus, this study aimed to assess the public perception and attitude regarding skin donation in Saudi Arabia. Method The study was a cross-sectional study that included the general population in Saudi Arabia (≥ 18 years old). A self-administered survey was distributed online. Statistical analysis was carried out using RStudio (R version 4.1.1). Categorical data were presented as frequencies and percentages, while continuous data were expressed as the median and interquartile range (IQR). Results A total of 8515 were included in the study. Most participants (71.5%) were females. Among the respondents, 64.9% were between the ages of 18 and 30. Females had a higher knowledge level of skin graft donation compared to males. Participants aged >30 years had lower knowledge levels compared to younger participants. Lower knowledge scores were also observed among married, widows, as well as uneducated participants. Five thousand two hundred and seven (61.1%) participants support skin donation. The most reported barrier to skin donation was religious reasons (52.4%), while the main motives for supporting skin donation were humane-related factors (73.2%). The influence of close relatives on participants' decisions to donate was evident in 52.6% of the instances. Conclusion It was found that most participants support skin donation in Saudi Arabia. Religious reasons were the most common hindering factors against skin donation. Females and young-aged groups were found to have a higher knowledge level. Further studies are recommended to shed light on this subject allowing for appropriate solutions implantation.

Prevalence and Influencing Risk Factors of Eczema Among Preschool Children in Hail City.

Background Eczema is a common inflammatory skin disorder in the pediatric population. Although eczema is a significant public health issue with negative impacts on quality of life, studies looking at the prevalence and risk factors among preschool-aged children in Saudi Arabia are limited. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional, online-based study was conducted among parents of preschool children in Hail City, Saudi Arabia, between July 2022 and September 2022. The self-administered, pre-tested questionnaire was distributed on social media networks for data gathering, which was subsequently analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) software. Results Among 964 preschool children, 54.5% of the children have been diagnosed with eczema. A total of 152 (60.1%) male children had eczema compared to 231 (59.8%) female children, while 142 (43.7%) parents had children of both genders diagnosed with eczema (P = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that male gender (odds ratio [OR] = 1.41, 95% confidence interval = 1.16-1.71), smoking in the house (OR = 1.85, 95%CI = 1.37-2.50), presence of mold or dampness in the house while the mother was pregnant (OR = 1.95, 95%CI = 1.17-3.24), house renovation during the mother's pregnancy (OR = 1.54, 95%CI = 1.01-2.34), use of an air conditioner (OR = 1.57, 95%CI = 1.07-2.30), and dry skin (OR = 5.83, 95%CI = 4.27-7.96) were significant predictors for the development of eczema. Conclusion The high prevalence of eczema among preschool-aged children in Hail indicates the need for parents to take action at the household level and beyond to successfully lower the risk of eczema development in the region.

Evaluation of Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D as a Risk Factor in Adult Recurrent Tonsillitis.

Background Studies have reported that the rate of upper respiratory tract infections in children and adults is inversely related to serum vitamin D levels and supplementation with vitamin D reduces the incidence of this infection. This study aimed to examine if vitamin D serum levels were a risk factor for recurrent tonsillitis among adult patients. Methods Retrospective comparative analysis was carried out on 100 patients diagnosed with recurrent tonsillitis with 100 age- and sex-matched individuals as controls between June 2016 and May 2022. Tonsillar size was assessed based on Brodsky grading system. Serum levels of 25-hydroxy (25(OH)) vitamin D, total calcium, iron, hemoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were analyzed. Results There was a statistically significant low vitamin D levels in tonsil size grades III+IV compared to grade I+II (p <0.001) among cases. There was a significantly lower serum value for 25(OH) vitamin D in the cases as compared to the control group (p <0.001). A high percentage (68%) of cases had vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) and this was statistically significant (p <0.001). There were statistically significant higher values of CRP and ESR among cases compared to the control group (p <0.001). At a cut off (≤21.2), serum vitamin D levels achieved 78% sensitivity, 65% specificity (p <0.001) to differentiate cases from controls. Following logistic regression analysis, the level of vitamin D was the only significant risk factor. Conclusion Findings from our study also suggest an association between recurrent tonsillitis among our adult cohorts and low serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels. Therefore, we opine that serum vitamin D levels should be considered in the management of adult patients with tonsillitis.

Patients presenting to the general practitioner with pain of dental origin.

Dentofacial pain is a common presentation in general practice, and more than 50% of cases arise from dentally related pathology. In a carious tooth, pain that is site-specific, severe and spontaneous usually denotes extension of caries into the tooth pulp. Caries does not always appear as a cavity in the tooth, but may lie beneath intact enamel or on surfaces between teeth. Examination of tooth pain should include firm percussion (eg, with a tongue depressor). Tenderness on percussion denotes progression of infection into the subdental tissue. Pain occurring 24-48 hours after a tooth extraction is commonly caused by superficial osteitis in the exposed alveolar bone. Examination will reveal the absence of a blood clot in the extraction socket and severe tenderness on local palpation. Severe pain related to impacted wisdom teeth is frequently caused by pericoronitis, an infection in the gingival tissues surrounding the tooth. The surrounding gingiva is erythematous and tender to palpation. Localised facial swellings of dental origin require immediate referral to a dentist. Progressive facial swelling requires aggressive antibiotic therapy and referral to hospital for definitive management.