Human resources for health in Peru: recent trends (2007-2013) in the labour market for physicians, nurses and midwives.

BACKGROUND: Most analyses of gaps in human resources for health (HRH) do not consider training and the transition of graduates into the labour market. This study aims to explore the labour market for Peru's recent medical, nursing, and midwifery graduates as well as their transition into employment in the Ministry of Health's (MOH) system. METHODS: Data from four different datasets, covering 2007-2013, was used to characterize the patterns of recently trained physicians, nurses, midwives, and postgraduate-trained physicians that enter employment in the MOH system, and scenario analyses were used to describe how this rate of entry needs to adapt in order to fill current HRH shortages. RESULTS: HRH graduates have been increasing from 2007 to 2011, but the proportions that enter employment in the MOH system 2 years later range from 8 to 45% and less than 10% of newly trained medical specialists. Scenario analyses indicate that the gap for physicians and nurses will be met in 2027 and 2024, respectively, while midwives in 2017. However, if the number of HRH graduates entering the MOH system doubles, these gaps could be filled as early as 2020 for physicians and 2019 for nurses. In this latter scenario, the MOH system would still only utilize 56% of newly qualified physicians, 74% of nurses, and 66% of midwives available in the labour market. CONCLUSION: At 2013 training rates, Peru has the number of physicians, nurses, and midwives it needs to address HRH shortages and meet estimated HRH gaps in the national MOH system during the next decade. However, a significant number of newly qualified health professionals do not work for the MOH system within 2 years of graduation. These analyses highlight the importance of building adequate incentive structures to improve the entry and retention of HRH into the public sector.

[Demand for training and availability of health science professionals in Peru]. / Mercado de formación y disponibilidad de profesionales de ciencias de la salud en el Perú.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the availability and demand of professional training programs for eight health science professions in Peru. Study the profiles of the physicians, nurses and midwives that these programs train and their competencies to work at the primary health care level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study using data on the volume of applicants, students and graduates of these eight professional training programs during the period 2007 - 2011. In addition, the curricula of professional training programs for physicians, nurses and midwives from public and private universities were analyzed, along with competency profiles developed by Professional Colleges and the Ministry of Health. RESULTS: Admission rates in public and private universities vary by program: 4% and 28% respectively for medical schools, and 18% and 90% for nursing. Graduation rates were estimated at approximately 43% and 53% of students entering medicine and nursing training programs respectively. Contrasting the profiles of recently graduated professionals in medicine, nursing and midwifery, with the skills required by the Ministry of Health for professionals working in primary care the first level of care, indicate that these recently graduated professionals are not necessarily or specifically trained to work in primary care. CONCLUSIONS: Demand for professional training in health sciences exists and its supply is met predominantly by private universities. Competency profiles developed by the MOH for the basic professional health team in primary care shows a clear disconnect regarding the current supply of trained professionals.

Mercado de formación y disponibilidad de profesionales de ciencias de la salud en el Perú / Demand for training and availability of health science professionals in Peru

Objetivos. Describir el mercado de formación y la disponibilidad de profesionales de ocho carreras de ciencias de la salud en Perú. Además, examinar los perfiles de los médicos, enfermeros y obstetras que se forman y sus competencias para trabajar en el primer nivel de atención. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal utilizando datos de volumen de postulantes, ingresantes y graduados de ocho profesiones durante el periodo de 2007û2011. También se analizaron los planes de estudio de programas de formación de médicos, enfermeros y obstetras de universidades públicas y privadas, y los perfiles de competencias elaborados por los colegios profesionales y el Ministerio de Salud (MINSA). Resultados. Las tasas de ingreso en universidades públicas y privadas varían según la carrera: 4 y 28% respectivamente para Medicina Humana, y 18 y 90% para Enfermería. Además, se estima que se gradúan aproximadamente 43 y 53% de los estudiantes que ingresan a Medicina y Enfermería, respectivamente. El análisis del perfil de los profesionales recientemente graduados en Medicina, Enfermería y Obstetricia, al ser contrastados con el perfil de competencias priorizadas para los profesionales que laboran en el primer nivel de atención elaborado por el MINSA, indican que no están necesariamente ni específicamente formados para trabajar en este nivel de atención. Conclusiones. Existe demanda de formación para profesionales de ciencias de la salud y predomina la oferta por parte de universidades privadas. Los perfiles de competencias desarrollados por el MINSA muestran un claro divorcio con respecto a la oferta actual de profesionales formados.

Objectives. To describe the availability and demand of professional training programs for eight health science professions in Peru. Study the profiles of the physicians, nurses and midwives that these programs train and their competencies to work at the primary health care level. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study using data on the volume of applicants, students and graduates of these eight professional training programs during the period 2007 - 2011. In addition, the curricula of professional training programs for physicians, nurses and midwives from public and private universities were analyzed, along with competency profiles developed by Professional Colleges and the Ministry of Health. Results. Admission rates in public and private universities vary by program: 4% and 28% respectively for medical schools, and 18% and 90% for nursing. Graduation rates were estimated at approximately 43% and 53% of students entering medicine and nursing training programs respectively. Contrasting the profiles of recently graduated professionals in medicine, nursing and midwifery, with the skills required by the Ministry of Health for professionals working in primary care the first level of care, indicate that these recently graduated professionals are not necessarily or specifically trained to work in primary care. Conclusions. Demand for professional training in health sciences exists and its supply is met predominantly by private universities. Competency profiles developed by the MOH for the basic professional health team in primary care shows a clear disconnect regarding the current supply of trained professionals.

Tratamiento de aguas por intercambio ionico para la flotacion de casiterita

En el presente trabajo se ha estudiado el comportamiento de las resinas poliestirenicas fuertemente acidas con los iones Ca++, Fe++ y Fe+++, presentes en las aguas del Lago Kenko de Catavi. La aplicacion de este tipo de resinas en el proceso de purificacion de dichas aguas que mostro que son bastante adecuadas, tal como se observaron en los analisis efectuados empleando los metodos de absorcion atomica y emision. Se hicieron comparativas de flotacion de casiterita con el colector Aerosol-22, empleando independientemente tanto agua de Catavi como el mismo de agua tratada por resinas. Mediante el empleo del tubo de Hallimond se analizo la influencia de los iones Ca++, Fe++ y Fe+++ en la flotacion de casiterita, habiendose observado que el ion Fe+++ inhibe la flotacion de casiterita con mayor facilidad que los otros dos iones. Este mismo comportamiento bajo el tratamiento por resinas permitio flotaciones del 100. Posteriormente se realizaron pruebas en celda unitaria, empleando mineral de estaño, en las que se utilizo el agua de Catavi tratada y sin tratar. Con una concentracion de 350 gr/ton de A-22 se obtuvieron leyes de estaño en la concentracion rougher de alrededor del 4 Sn a pH 2.0 y 2.5 con recuperaciones mayores al 96 Con el agua de Catavi sin tratar no fue posible flotar bajo las condiciones de pH y concentracion de colector anteriormente mencionadas. Un balance inicial en base a costos estimados como consecuencia del aumento en los valores de ley, recuperacion y menor consumo de colector muestra en principio la conveniencia de la aplicacion de las resinas en la accion purificadora de las aguas de Catavi.